<p>Halaesa was an ancient city of Sicily, situated near the north coast of the island, between Cephaloedium  and Calacte .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city was of Siculian origin, and its foundation is related by Diodorus, who informs us that in 403 BCE the inhabitants of Herbita (a Siculian city), having concluded peace with Dionysius I of Syracuse, their ruler or chief magistrate Archonides determined to quit the city and found a new colony, which he settled partly with citizens of Herbita, and partly with mercenaries and other strangers who collected around him through enmity towards Dionysius. He gave to this new colony the name of Halaesa, to which the epithet Archonidea was frequently added for the purpose of distinction. Others attributed the foundation of the city, but erroneously, to the Carthaginians. It quickly rose to prosperity by maritime commerce: and at the commencement of the First Punic War was one of the first of the Sicilian cities to make its submission to the Romans, to whose alliance it continued steadily faithful. It was doubtless to its conduct in this respect, and to the services that it was able to render to the Romans during their wars in Sicily, that it was indebted for the peculiar privilege of retaining its own laws and independence, exempt from all taxation: an advantage enjoyed by only five cities of Sicily. In consequence of this advantageous position it rose rapidly in wealth and prosperity, and became one of the most flourishing cities of Sicily. On one occasion its citizens, having been involved in disputes among themselves concerning the choice of the senate, C. Claudius Pulcher was sent, at their own request in 95 BCE, to regulate the matter by a law, which he did to the satisfaction of all parties. But their privileges did not protect them from the exactions of Verres, who imposed on them an enormous contribution both in corn and money. The city appears to have subsequently declined, and had sunk in the time of Augustus to the condition of an ordinary municipal town: but was still one of the few places on the north coast of Sicily which Strabo deemed worthy of mention. Pliny also enumerates it among the stipendiariae civitates of Sicily. Halaesa is the only place in Sicily where an inscription to a Roman governor of the republican period (perhaps in 93 BC) has come to light.</p><br>
<h2>The site</h2><br>
<p>Great difference of opinion has existed with regard to the site of Halaesa, arising principally from the discrepancy in the distances assigned by Strabo, the Antonine Itinerary, and the Tabula Peutingeriana. Some of these are undoubtedly corrupt or erroneous, but on the whole there can be no doubt that its situation is correctly fixed by Cluverius and Torremuzza at the spot marked by an old church called Santa Maria le Palate, near the modern town of Tusa, and above the river Pettineo. This site coincides perfectly with the expression of Diodorus, that the town was built on a hill about 8 stadia from the sea: as well as with the distance of eighteen M. P. from Cephaloedium assigned by the Tabula. (The Itinerary gives 28 by an easy error.) The ruins described by Fazello as visible there in his time were such as to indicate the site of a large city, and several inscriptions have been found on the spot, some of them referring distinctly to Halaesa. One of these, which is of considerable length and importance, gives numerous local details concerning the divisions of land, etc., and mentions repeatedly a river "Halaesus", evidently the same with the "Halesus" of Columella, and which is probably the modern Tusa River (also called the Pettineo); as well as a fountain named "Ipybrha". This is perhaps the same spoken of by Solinus and Priscian (Perieges. 500), but without mentioning its name, as existing in the territory of Halaesa, the waters of which were supposedly agitated by the sound of music. Fazello describes the ruins as extending from the sea-shore, on which were the remains of a large building (probably baths), for the space of more than 1.5 km to the summit of a hill, on which were the remains of the citadel. About 5 km further inland was a large fountain (probably the Ipyrrha of the inscription), with extensive remains of the aqueduct that conveyed its waters to the city. All trace of these ruins has now disappeared, except some portions of the aqueduct: but fragments of statues, as well as coins and inscriptions, have been frequently discovered on the spot.</p><br>
<h2>Coinage</h2><br>
<p>"Halaisa Archonida" can be found on a Roman coin of the time of Augustus.</p><br>
<p>The Lusatian Highlands or Lusatian Hills  form a hilly region in Germany and the Czech Republic. A western extension of the Sudetes range, it is located on the border of the German state of Saxony with the Czech Bohemian region. It is one of the eight natural landscapes of Upper Lusatia.</p><br>
<p>The Lusatian Highlands are named after the historic region of Upper Lusatia, while the southern Czech portion is also known as the Šluknov Hook. The hills are situated between the Elbe Sandstone Mountains to the west and the somewhat higher Lusatian Mountains and the Zittau Mountains to the east. The source of the river Spree, which runs through central Berlin, is located near the small town of Ebersbach.</p><br>
<p>The Lusatian Highlands are a famous tourist region shown in several movies. They are known for the beauty of the landscape and their picturesque towns with Baroque churches and wooden houses. Popular tourist towns in the region are Schirgiswalde, also known as the capital of carnival in Upper Lusatia, Šluknov with its famous arboretum, and Rumburk with medieval old town centre. Other notable towns include Ebersbach, Velký Šenov, Neukirch/Lausitz, Sohland an der Spree and Kirschau.</p><br>
<p>Rhodes  is the principal city and a former municipality on the island of Rhodes in the Dodecanese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Rhodes, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. It has a population of approximately 90,000 in its metropolitan area. Rhodes has been famous since antiquity as the site of Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The citadel of Rhodes, built by the Hospitalliers, is one of the best-preserved medieval towns in Europe, which in 1988 was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The city of Rhodes is an important urban center and popular international tourist destination.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The city of Rhodes is situated in the north-east tip of the island and forms a triangle from north to south. The municipal unit has an area of 19.481 km. It is the smallest municipal unit of the island in terms of land area and the largest in population. It borders the Aegean Sea to the north, the east and the west and with the municipalities of Ialysos and Kallithea in the south.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>In Köppen climate classification, it is classified as hot-summer Mediterranean climate. The lowest recorded temperature -3 &deg;C and the highest recorded temperature was 42 &deg;C.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island of Rhodes is at a crossroads between Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. This has given the city and the island many different identities, cultures, architectures, and languages over its long history. Its position in major sea routes has given Rhodes a very rich history. The island has been inhabited since about 4000 BC (Neolithic Period).</p><br>
<h3>Classical period</h3><br>
<p>The city of Rhodes was formed by the cities of Ialyssos, Kamiros and Lindos in 408 BC, and prospered for three centuries during its Golden Age, when sea trade, skilled shipbuilders, and open-minded politicians of the city kept it prosperous until Roman times. The Colossus of Rhodes, one of the original Seven Wonders of the Ancient World was built by the Lindian sculptor Chares between 304 and 293 BC, which took 12 years and was completed in 282 BC. The statue represented their sun god Helios, which stood at the harbour entrance. The ancient city had a well-constructed sewage system as well as a water supply network as designed by Hippodamus. A strong earthquake hit Rhodes about 226 BC, badly damaging the city and toppling the Colossus.</p><br>
<h3>Roman period</h3><br>
<p>In 164 BC, Rhodes came under Roman control. It was able to keep its beauty and develop into a leading center of learning for arts and science. The Romans took from the Rhodians their maritime law and applied it to their shipping. Many traces of the Roman period still exist throughout the city and give an insight into the level of civilization at the time. According to Acts 21:1, the Apostle Paul stopped at Rhodes near the end of his third missionary journey.</p><br>
<h3>Byzantine period</h3><br>
<p>In medieval times, Rhodes was an important Byzantine trading post, as also a crossroads for ships sailing between Constantinople and Alexandria. In the early years of the divided Roman Empire, the Isaurians, a mountain tribe from Cilicia, invaded the island and burned the city. In the 7th century AD it was captured by the Arabs. The latter were the ones who removed the scattered pieces of the Colossus from the port and moved them to Syria where they destroyed them to make coins. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the native noble Leo Gabalas took control of the island, but after his death and succession by his brother John, the island was briefly occupied by the Genoese before being returned to the Emperor of Nicaea, though ushering in a new, but short-lived, Byzantine period.</p><br>
<h3>Knights' period</h3><br>
<p>The Knights Hospitallers captured and established their headquarters on Rhodes when they left Cyprus after the persecution of the Knights Templar in 1307. Pope Clement V confirmed the Hospitallers possession of the Island in 1309. The Knights remained on the Island for the next two centuries.</p><br>
<p>In 1444, the Mamluk fleet of Egypt laid a siege to Rhodes, but the Knights aided by the Burgundian naval commander Geoffroy de Thoisy beat off the Muslim attack.</p><br>
<p>After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 the Ottoman Empire began a rapid expansion and in 1480 Sultan Mehmet launched an invasion of Rhodes commanded by Mesic Pasha. The defenders repelled Turkish attacks from both landward and seaward sides and the invaders left the Island in defeat. The defeat halted a concurrent invasion of the Italian peninsula by Ottoman forces and prevented possible Muslim incursion and control of Western Europe.</p><br>
<p>After the Ottoman defeat in 1480 the Knights Grand Master, Pierre d&#39;Aubusson, oversaw the strengthening of the cities over the next few decades. By the time of his death in 1521 Rhodes possessed the strongest fortifications of any Christian Bastion in the World. The Knights continued naval attacks launched from Rhodes on Muslim merchants until 1522 when the newly enthroned Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent led a second Siege of Rhodes in 1522.</p><br>
<p>The vastly outnumbered Knights made a spirited defense of the city and inflicted heavy casualties upon the Ottoman besiegers. In December 1522 the Knights and Suleiman came to terms and the Knights were allowed to leave the city with all the wealth they could carry, in return there would be no retribution upon the inhabitants of the city and they would be allowed to continue to freely practice Christianity. On January 1, 1523 the Knights departed from the island, leaving it to Ottoman control.</p><br>
<h3>Ottoman period</h3><br>
<p>In the Ottoman era, new buildings were constructed: mosques, public baths and mansions for the new patrons. The Greeks were forced to abandon the fortified city and move to new suburbs outside its walls. The city maintained its main economic function as a market for the agricultural products of the interior of the island and the surrounding small islands.</p><br>
<p>After the establishment of their sovereignty οn the island, the Ottoman Turks converted most of the churches into mosques and transformed the major houses into private mansions or public buildings. This transformation was a long-term process that aimed to adapt the buildings to the Ottoman way of living. The Knights period façades with their sculptured decorations, the arched gates and hewn stone walls were enriched with the random character of the Ottoman architecture adapted to the local climate and culture. Ιn this process most οf the architectural features of the existing buildings were preserved. The most characteristic additions were the baths (usually in the back of the buildings) and the enclosed wooden balconies οn the façades over the narrow streets.In this way most of the buildings of the Hospitaliers&#39; period in the Medieval Town were well preserved. The result was a mixture of oriental architecture with imposing western architectural remains and more recent buildings, which were characteristic of the local architecture of the time.</p><br>
<p>An interesting example of the Ottoman architecture is the building of the Hafiz Ahmed Agha Library.</p><br>
<p>Ιn the 19th century, the city was the capital of the Eyalet of the Archipelago, but the decline of the Ottoman Empire resulted in the general neglect of the town and its buildings, which further deteriorated due to the strong earthquakes that often plague the area.</p><br>
<h3>Italian period</h3><br>
<p>In 1912 Italian troops took the island over with the rest of the Dodecanese Islands, and established an Italian possession known as Italian Islands of the Aegean in 1923.</p><br>
<p>Father of Italian Rhodes can be considered the Italian architect Florestano Di Fausto. He, in agreement with governor Mario Lago, was author of the city plan of 1923, choosing to respect almost totally the walled town, only demolishing the houses that were built on and around the city walls during the Ottoman era. He also turned the Jewish and Ottoman cemeteries into a green zone surrounding the Medieval Town. At the same time, he designed the new Italian Rhodes in the zone of the Mandraki, planning a Garden City, and building along the main sea promenade the main edifices, as the Market, the Cathedral of Saint John of the Knights, the Palace of the governor. All these building were designed in an eclectic style, mixing Ottoman, Venetian, Renaissance and local elements. The Italians preserved what was left from the Knights period, and destroyed all Ottoman buildings. They also reconstructed the Grand Masters Palace. Furthermore, an Institute for the study of the History and Culture of the region was established, and major infrastructure work was done to modernize Rhodes.</p><br>
<h3>Post-World War II period</h3><br>
<p>The British bombs that fell on the medieval city of Rhodes in 1944 claimed human lives and destroyed a great number of buildings, leaving large gaps in the urban tissue. One of the first Decrees of the Greek administration designated those areas as reserved for future excavations and a number of edifices as safeguarded buildings. In July 1944 the Nazis ordered the deportation of over 1,600 Jews of Rhodes including men, women, and children of which 1,200 were murdered at Auschwitz.</p><br>
<p>In 1957, a new city plan was approved by a Decree and in 1960 the entire medieval town was designated as a protected monument by the Ministry of Culture. In 1961 and 1963 new Decrees were issued concerning the new city plan. They provided for the widening of existing streets and the opening of new ones. These were not implemented in the old city due to the resistance of the Archaeological Service. In 1988, the old town of Rhodes was designated as a World Heritage City by UNESCO.</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>Rhodes is the capital of the island of Rhodes and of the Rhodes regional unit. It was the capital of the former Dodecanese Prefecture. The city also holds an office of the South Aegean region.</p><br>
<h2>Main sights</h2><br>
<p>The city is home to numerous landmarks. Some of them date back to antiquity and most of the others remain from the Knights&#39; Period.</p><br>
<p>Grand Master&#39;s Palace (15th century)</p><br>
<p>Knights Street</p><br>
<p>La Juderia, including the Kahal Shalom Synagogue</p><br>
<p>Acropolis of Rhodes</p><br>
<p>Mosque of Suleiman the Magnificent</p><br>
<p>Medieval walls, created in the mid-14th century on a previous line and remade after the Ottoman siege of 1480 and the earthquake of the following year. In 1522 Suleiman entered the city from the gate of St. Anastasius</p><br>
<p>Gothic buildings in the historical upper town.</p><br>
<p>Recently, the Byzantine harbor was excavated, discovering unique medieval shipwrecks.</p><br>
<p>St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral, Rhodes</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Both city and island population continue to grow contrary to national levels; the city has an official permanent population of 49,541 in 2011 census, but the actual population is estimated between 115,000 and 120,000. This is caused by many permanent residents of the city registering in their place of birth during the census. Thus the city&#39;s total population, as counted by the census, is less than the number of people actually residing in the city. Currently it is estimated that 120,000 people reside permanently in the city although last census showed only 54,000.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Facilities by category:</p><br>
<p>Primary Education: 21 primary schools</p><br>
<p>Secondary Education: 7 high schools and 7 lyceums</p><br>
<p>Higher Education: Some departments of the Aegean University, Higher and Lower Tourism Schools and some private institutes</p><br>
<p>The last years two private schools were also established and offer classes from primary to lyceum education.</p><br>
<p>The Music School of Rhodes (Greece) can be located just outside Rhodes near Afantou.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The city&#39;s public transit system consists of a bus network which also connects the city to outlying resort areas during tourism season.</p><br>
<p>Ferries connect the island&#39;s commercial passenger port with several nearby islands within the Dodecanese Islands, as well as with the Cycladic Islands, the Greek mainland, and Bodrum in Turkey. The city is also a popular port of call for cruise itineraries, especially in the summer months.</p><br>
<p>Both the city and the island of Rhodes are served by Diagoras International Airport, situated 14 km south west of the city. It is connected to all other major Greek airports and to Cyprus throughout the year. During tourism season, international flights connect the island with several European cities and with Israel.</p><br>
<h2>Media</h2><br>
<h3>Television and radio</h3><br>
<p>Most major nationwide television stations broadcast in the city. There are also five local television stations and a number of local and national radio stations.</p><br>
<h3>Newspapers</h3><br>
<p>There are three daily newspapers issued that deal with both the city and the whole region. Moreover, two are issued every Monday and there are few others with specific themes.</p><br>
<p>I Rodiaki (translated "The Rhodian", daily)</p><br>
<p>I Proodos (translated "Progress", daily)</p><br>
<p>I Dimokratiki (translated "The Democrat", daily)</p><br>
<p>I Gnomi (translated "The Opinion", weekly)</p><br>
<p>I Drasi (translated "Action", weekly)</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>The city after a long dark period of almost 15 years is reviving in many team sports. Football and basketball are the most popular but a wide variety is also in development during the last years with the most noticeable in rugby.</p><br>
<h3>Football</h3><br>
<p>The city has two major football teams; Diagoras GS and AS Rodos after a long period are back in national level and compete in Greek National Second Division (Football League) while the rest of the city based teams compete in the local Amateur Divisions.</p><br>
<h3>Basketball</h3><br>
<p>The last 15 years basketball is represented in national level by Kolossos Rodou BC which currently won promotion to National A1 Ethniki just one year after being relegated. Other notable teams are AS Diagoras Rhodes which just gained promotion in National Third Division and AS Dodekanisos, the pride of the Aegean that competes and stars in the national basketball league for handicapped people.</p><br>
<h3>Other</h3><br>
<p>A variety of other sports is also available and in development in the city. In volleyball AS Diagoras Rhodes lost in the third division and returns to the local leagues; in rugby the recently formed Colossoi of Rhodes reached the top league finals for the second time in a row. The Nautical Club of Rhodes and Ygros Stivos of Rhodes have water polo teams in low level national divisions; the Rhodian Tennis Club play tennis and ping-pong in its privately owned facilities; AS Diagoras Rhodes have competitive teams in cycling and in track and field athletics. Finally ziu zitsu, karate, tae-kwon-do and other Eastern oriented sports are available with local teams that enjoy sporadic national success.</p><br>
<h3>Sports venues</h3><br>
<p>The city has three major sports venues; the Rhodes Municipal Stadium and the Kallipateira National Athletic Center serve all outdoor activities while the Municipal Indoor Hall of "Venetokleio" serves indoor sports.</p><br>
<h2>International relations</h2><br>
<h3>Consulates</h3><br>
<p>The city of Rhodes is also home to many foreign consulates.</p><br>
<h3>Twin towns — sister cities</h3><br>
<p>Rhodes is twinned with:</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Ancient</p><br>
<p>Diagoras of Rhodes</p><br>
<p>Apollonius of Rhodes, poet</p><br>
<p>Dinocrates, architect</p><br>
<p>Hieronymus of Rhodes, philosopher</p><br>
<p>Panaetius, philosopher</p><br>
<p>Modern</p><br>
<p>Panagiotis Rodios, politician, fighter during the Greek War of Independence</p><br>
<p>Reşit Galip, Turkish politician</p><br>
<p>Oreste Lionello, Italian actor</p><br>
<p>Giorgos Skartados, football player</p><br>
<p>Niki Xanthou, Greek athlete</p><br>
<p>Somerset Place is a Georgian Grade I listed crescent in Bath, England. The facades were designed by the architect John Eveleigh who went bankrupt during the building, which started in 1790 but was not completed until the 1820s.</p><br>
<p>In 1784 Thomas Paine purchased an area of pasture including Great Lydes to build houses overlooking Bath, although there is evidence of Iron Age and Roman settlement on the area. 20 houses were originally planned but numbers 1 to 4 were never built.</p><br>
<p>Some of the crescent was destroyed during the Second World War and rebuilt as student accommodation in the 1950s and 1960s for Bath College of Domestic Science. It used to form part of the campus of Bath Spa University, but has since been sold. It was used for student accommodation and the Bath Spa University English Language Programme.</p><br>
<p>The Carson City Mint was a branch of the United States Mint in Carson City, Nevada. It primarily minted silver coins; however, it also minted gold coins, with a total face value in dollars nearly equal to that of its silver coins. The mint minted coins in 21 different years.</p><br>
<p>The Carson City Mint was created in 1863 but wasn&#39;t put into operation until 1870. It ran until 1885, went on a hiatus, and resumed operations in 1889, after which it ran until 1893 when it closed for good. It is now the Nevada State Museum, Carson City.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built at the peak of the silver boom conveniently near a local silver mine, 50 issues of silver coins and 57 issues of gold coins minted here between 1870 and 1893 bore the "CC" mint mark. The mint was established in Carson City to facilitate minting of silver coins from silver in the Comstock Lode, much as the San Francisco Mint was established to facilitate minting gold coins from the gold of the California gold rush. From 1895 to 1933, the building served as the USA Assay Office for gold and silver. The federal government sold the building to the state of Nevada in 1939. Coins struck here, especially Morgan dollars, are generally rare and command a high premium among collectors.</p><br>
<p>The building that housed the mint was the first designed by Alfred B. Mullett after he became Supervising Architect of the Department of the Treasury. The construction supervisor was Abraham Curry, also known as the "Father of Carson City." The simple Renaissance Revival-style stone facade has pairs of round-headed windows and a center portico. It is now the home of the Nevada State Museum. Although the mint has not struck United States coins since 1893, Coin Press No. 1 (the original coin press from the mint) is still in the building and used to strike commemorative medallions with the "CC" mint mark. The most recent of these are medallions commemorating the 75th anniversary of the museum.</p><br>
<h2>Denominations minted</h2><br>
<h3>Silver denominations</h3><br>
<p>Note: A Seated Liberty dollar was the first coin to be struck at Carson City.</p><br>
<h3>Gold denominations</h3><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<p>Peratata  is a village and a community in the municipal unit of Leivatho, in the southern part of the island of Cephalonia, Greece. It is situated at the foot of a hill, which is crowned by the Agios Georgios fortress. The community consists of the villages Peratata and Kastro. The western part of Peratata is referred to as Travliata. Peratata is 2 km north of Kerameies, 3 km south of Troianata, 8 km southeast of Argostoli and 19 km west of Poros. The road from Argostoli to Poros and Skala passes through the village.</p><br>
<p>The Agios Georgios fortress on the hill north of Peratata dates from the 12th century, but the present structure was built by Venetians in the 16th century. It was the capital of the island until 1757. The fortress covers an area of 16,000 m&sup2, and the perimeter of its walls is 600 m. The 1953 Ionian earthquake caused great damage in Peratata.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>The Lovozero Massif  is a mountain range located in the center of the Kola Peninsula in Russia, between Lovozero and Lake Umbozero, and constitutes a horseshoe-shaped ridge of picturesque hills, that surround the Seydozero Lake. The slopes are covered mainly with spruce and pine. The highest point is Mount Angvundaschorr . The area around the lake is inhabited by Saami, and many place names are of non-Russian origin.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Lovozero Massif is underlain by a complex of agpaitic to hyperagpaitic rocks containing minerals as eudialyte, loparite (an ore of niobium and tantalum), natrosilite (anhydrous sodium silicate), etc. At least 105 valid minerals have been described in the massif and 39 minerals were initially discovered there. The only other areas with similar geology and mineralogy are Khibiny Massif (immediately west of Lovozero), Ilimaussaq in SW Greenland and Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The area is relatively well accessible from railroads. In winter the area is accessible from Khibiny Mountains via the ice of Umbozero. In summer there are usable mountain roads and trails.</p><br>
<h2>Toponyms in Lovozero Tundras</h2><br>
<h3>Settlements</h3><br>
<p>Ilma (Ильма)</p><br>
<p>Puncha (Пунча)</p><br>
<p>Motka (Мотка)</p><br>
<h3>Lakes, bays</h3><br>
<p>Lovozero (Ловозеро)</p><br>
<p>Umbozero (Умбозеро)</p><br>
<p>Seidozero (Сейдозеро)</p><br>
<p>Sengisyavr (Сенгисъявр)</p><br>
<p>Rayavr (Райявр)</p><br>
<p>Motka Bay (Мотка-Губа)</p><br>
<h3>Rivers, creeks</h3><br>
<p>Ilmayok (Ильмайок)</p><br>
<p>Elmorayok (Эльморайок)</p><br>
<p>Seidyok (Сейдйок)</p><br>
<p>Kiftuay (Куфтуай)</p><br>
<p>Kitkuay (Киткуай)</p><br>
<p>Uelkuay (Уэлькуай)</p><br>
<p>Sigsuay (Сигсуай)</p><br>
<p>Tavayok (Тавайок)</p><br>
<p>Muruay (Муруай)</p><br>
<p>Chivruay (Чивруай)</p><br>
<p>Kuansuay (Куансуай)</p><br>
<p>Iidichyok (Иидичйок)</p><br>
<p>Vavnyok (Вавнйок)</p><br>
<p>Koklukhtiuay (Коклухтиуай)</p><br>
<h3>Massifs, mounts, passes</h3><br>
<p>Alluayv (Аллуайв)</p><br>
<p>Angvundaschorr (Ангвундасчорр)</p><br>
<p>Sengischorr (Сенгисчорр)</p><br>
<p>Mannepakhk (Маннепахк)</p><br>
<p>Elmorayok Pass</p><br>
<p>Kuftuay Pass</p><br>
<p>Chivruay-Ladv Pass (Чивруай-Ладв)</p><br>
<p>Strashempakhk (Страшемпахк)</p><br>
<p>Engpor (Энгпор)</p><br>
<p>Suoluayv (Суолуайв)</p><br>
<p>Punkaruayv (Пункаруайв)</p><br>
<p>Ninchurt (Нинчурт)</p><br>
<p>Mount Karnasurta (Карнасурта)</p><br>
<p>Mount Kuyvchorr (Куйвчорр)</p><br>
<p>Mount Kuamdespakhk (Куамдеспахк)</p><br>
<p>Mount Vavnbed (Вавнбед) (per Pekov: Lovozero Massif p. 32)</p><br>
<p>Wellington&#39;s Column, or the Waterloo Memorial, is a monument to the Duke of Wellington standing on the corner of William Brown Street and Lime Street, Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After the Dukes death in 1852, in common with other cities, Liverpool decided to erect a monument to celebrate his achievements. A committee was established to organise public subscriptions, but the money was slow to come in. A competition was set up in 1856 to find a designer for the column, and this was won by the architect Andrew Lawson of Edinburgh. There were further delays while a suitable site was found, with sites at the top of Duke Street and Bold Street, in front of the Adelphi Hotel and Princes Park being considered before the eventual location was settled on. In 1861 a second competition, this time for the statue of the Duke, was won by George Anderson Lawson, brother of the columns designer. The design of the column and plinth closely resembles that of the Melville Monument commemorating Henry Dundas, Lord Melville in St Andrew Square, Edinburgh, itself loosely modelled on Trajans Column in Rome. The foundation stone was laid on 1 May 1861 by the Mayor of Liverpool. There were further delays during construction of the monument due to subsidence. Although it was inaugurated on 16 May 1863 in a ceremony attended by the Mayor and Sir William Brown, it was still not complete. Reliefs depicting Wellington&#39;s victories and the charge at the Battle of Waterloo were still to be added and it was finally completed towards the end of 1865. These delays resulted in its being "a very late example of a column-monument for Britain".</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The foundations of the monument are in Runcorn sandstone, the pedestal is in granite, and the column itself is in Darley Dale sandstone. The overall height of the monument is 132 ft, the column being 81 ft high and the statue 25 ft high. It stands on a stepped base with a square pedestal. On each side of the pedestal is a bronze plaque; at the corners are bronze eagles joined by swags along the sides. Standing on the pedestal is a Roman Doric fluted column. Within the column are 169 steps leading up to a viewing platform. On top of the column is a cylinder surmounted by a cupola on which the bronze statue of the Duke stands. The Duke holds a scroll in his right hand, and his left hand rests on the hilt of his sword.</p><br>
<p>The brass plaque on the south of the pedestal is a relief depicting the final charge at the battle of Waterloo. On the east and west faces, the plaques bear the names of the Duke&#39;s victorious battles. The east panel lists the battles of Assaye, Talavera, Argaum, Busaco, Rolica, Fuentes de Onoro, Vimeiro, Cuidad Rodrigo, Oporto, and Badajoz; the west panel Salamanca, Bayonne, Vittoria, Orthez, San Sebastian, Toulouse, Nivelle, Quatre Bras, and Waterloo. Also on and around the base of the monument are pre-metric standard Board of Trade measurements of length, the shorter ones being embossed on a bronze panel. Set into the pavement is a brass strip containing the measure of 100 ft, and a chain of 100 links.</p><br>
<p>The statue is unusual in that it does not face any major civic building or thoroughfare (as does Nelson&#39;s Column in London). The statue was positioned facing south-east so that Wellington would always be looking towards the site of Waterloo - considered his greatest victory.</p><br>
<p>Wagon Bed Spring , located in Grant County, Kansas, United States, was an important watering spot on the Cimarron Cutoff of the Santa Fe Trail. The flow of the spring came from an outcropping of the Ogallala Formation. Center pivot irrigation adjacent to the spring resulted in lowering of the water table and the spring ceased to flow in the 1960s. A number of small artifacts dating from the days of the Santa Fe Trail have been recovered from lands near the spring which were used by both American Indians and wagon trains as a campground. The name "wagon bed" dates from later use of an old wagon bed as a trough to collect water from the spring. There is a foundation on the site of an ice house. Floods have changed the course of the Cimarron River; the site of the spring is now in the bed of the river rather than on its bank as it was in the days of the Santa Fe Trail.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>It is located about 12 mi south of Ulysses, on the west side of US 270.</p><br>
<p>Cranae   is an island off the coast of Gytheio connected to the land by a causeway built in 1898.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Some believe that the etymology for the name Cranae (Kranai) comes from the legendary king of Athens Kranaos, the successor of king Kekropas (cecrops) as Athens was also known as "Kranaa". However the word Kranaos according to Homer it has the following meanings: Rocky,ragged,hard. Therefore, some believe that the word Kranai literary means "rocky, rock".</p><br>
<p>The name "Marathonisi" translates to "fennel-island", as the herb fennel was naturally growing on this island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to legend, when Paris of Troy abducted Helen from Sparta they spent their first night in Cranae(Iliad, III.445). When Gytheio became the major port of Sparta Cranae became a resting spot for traders. After the rest of Greece enslaved to the Ottoman Turks only Mani remained free. The beys of Mani fortified Cranae with a Maniot tower called Tzannetakis Tower built in 1829. Tzannetakis tower today became the Historical and Cultural museum of Mani.</p><br>
<p>On the island there is a chapel dedicated to St Peter (Agios Petros) which is favored by many couples to use on their weddings due to its beautiful views of the city of Gytheio and picturesque location.</p><br>
<p>There is also a prominent 23m-high lighthouse built in 1873 with high-quality marble from the area of Tainaro in south Mani peninsula.</p><br>
<p>Vatheia  is a village on the Mani Peninsula,in south-eastern Laconia. The local community of Vatheia is named after this village. The aforementioned local community is a subdivision of the municipal unit of Oitylo. It is known for its tower-houses built on a hill dominating the surrounding countryside. Vatheia is linked by road north to Areopoli and Kalamata and south to Cape Matapan also known as Tenaro. In the northern and eastern direction, the southern reaches of the Saggias mountain range overlook the village. Farmland and maquis shrubland cover the hill slopes. On the hills and mountain sides around Vatheia proper are clusters of abandoned houses, towers and chapels known as the perichora, meaning environs. Currently, Vatheia is a tourist attraction during spring and summer due to the abundance of wild flowers that cover the nearby hills and its scenic views. Moreover, it serves as an iconic example of the south Maniot vernacular architecture as it developed during the 19th century. The nearest villages are Kyparissos, Alika and Gerolimenas to the north-west and Lagia to the north-east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Vathia is first mentioned in 1571, by a Venetian diplomatic mission, as "casale di Vathia". In 1618, an unofficial census was conducted by an agent of Charles, Duke of Nevers named Philipe de Lange Châteaurenault in cooperation with a prominent Maniot clan leader named Pietro Medici. The village was recorded as "vatia" with 20 hearths. In 1700, the Grimani census was carried out for the newly established Kingdom of the Morea. The Venetians recorded a total population of 212 persons distributed in 54 families. The reasons for this substantial population growth over the 17th century are unclear. On 13 April 1805, William Martin Leake by-passed Vatheia ("Βάθια" in text) on the way to Cape Matapan, using the sea-side road, but his journey was briefly interrupted by a band of local armed men. His guides, being Maniots themselves, negotiated passage and informed him that Vatheia has been divided in two warring parties for the past 40 years. They estimated that about 100 men had been killed since the beginning of this clan war. Leake also informs us that Vatheia and its environs consist of three adjacent villages. Between 1750 and 1900 the main nuclei of habitation, apart from the village itself, were several hamlets spread over the whole region controlled by the Vathia clans and their allies. Of the 8 clans, in total, the 4 larger were living in Vatheia proper and its environs (Karabatiani, Michalakiani, Kaledoniani, Koutrigari) while the rest were mostly restricted in some of the aforementioned hamlets. Below follows a list of the clans with their constituent families:</p><br>
<p>On 15 August 1806, representatives of many prominent Maniot clans gathered in Marathonisi to sign an oath of fealty to Andonis Grigorakis, Bey of Mani. The entry for Vatheia was as follows: "Michalakiani, Gerandoniani and Karabatiani and the environs, we abide collectively". It is interesting to note that the communal decision to swear fealty to the Bey might have signalled the end of the war mentioned by Leake a year earlier. Furthermore, this is the only known mention of the Gerandoniani clan. The local clan war that started in 1764 was the catalyst in the formation of the clans which dominated the region from the 19th century until its, nearly total, abandonment during the post-WWII years.</p><br>
<p>In several places around the modern village as well as in other locations within the periphery of the local community, earlier habitation is evident by the megalithic remains of housing clusters. The closest to modern Vatheia are the Palaiochora built along a stream below the modern village, the Kostakianika Kalyvia built on the hillside a short distance to the north-west and Pachia a similar hamlet on the mountainside just opposite the hill of modern Vatheia. They belong to the category of megalithic structures named after the large, roughly-hewn blocks of stone used by the builders. This is a term used throughout Mani to describe the older abandoned settlements sharing the aforementioned characteristic construction.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>The Central City Opera House located in the National Historic Landmark District in Central City, Colorado, United States was constructed in 1878 by Welsh and Cornish miners.</p><br>
<p>In 1877, the citizens of Central City organized a fundraising drive for a grand new opera house befitting the gold mining towns reputation as "the richest square mile on earth." Many of the towns residents were Welsh and Cornish miners, who brought with them a rich tradition of music from their homeland. While locals pitched in during construction, the organizers also retained some of the best building professionals in the area. Denver architect Robert S. Roeschlaub provided an elegant, understated design for the stone structure, and San Francisco artist John C. Massman added elaborate trompe l&#39;oeil murals to the interior. A creek flows through a flume under the Opera House.</p><br>
<p>The early glory years following the 1878 grand opening were short-lived. Musical and theatrical events appeared on its stage; Buffalo Bill performed here as well as P. T. Barnum’s circus. When the Central City mines were played out, the Opera House fell into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 a dedicated band of Denver preservationists and music lovers formed the Central City Opera House Association and went to work to turn the spotlights back on. A volunteer-driven effort led by Ida Kruse McFarlane, Edna Chappell and Anne Evans led to an extensive restoration of the Opera House in 1932. That summer, actress Lillian Gish opened the newly restored opera house with Camille, launching an annual tradition of summer festivals in Central City that continues to this day.</p><br>
<p>It appears in the credits of the 1975 cowboy film, The Duchess and the Dirtwater Fox as a site used in a scene where actress Goldie Hawn performs a dance routine.</p><br>
<p>Maintenance of the building again declined after the 1950s. In the 1980s and 1990s, the entire structure from top to below bottom (the foundation and the flume) has been restored, rebuilt, renewed or revamped, including replacement of the 1920-era lighting relic by a computerized lighting system.</p><br>
<p>In 1999 the wooden chairs were replaced with plush new theater seating. A memorial to the original chairs is on the grounds of the house. Continuing a tradition from 1932, many of the chairs commemorate Colorado pioneers, notable performers, and opera supporters. Illustrious names like Horace Tabor, Buffalo Bill Cody, Beverly Sills, and Lillian Gish are carved on the backs of the seats.</p><br>
<p>The opera house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Central City Opera House is the performance venue for the Central City Opera company which celebrated its 75th year of activity in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Nguru Mountains are a mountain range in Morogoro District, Tanzania, Africa. The mountains are predominantly covered with rainforest, are abundant with 83 species of bird life , and are the home of African violets. There are a number of forest reserves in the mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Nguru Mountains form the beginning of the rim mountain range which continues through Ussagara and Uhehe and extends to the Nyassa. Parts of the range rise to 2130 metres. The main outflow of water from the mountains is via the Wami River.</p><br>
<p>(Some text is taken from the public-domain &#39;Deutscher Kolonialatlas&#39; (German Colonial Atlas) of 1913.)</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>* Romdal T. "An ornithological survey of the Nguru Mountains, Tanzania". Scopus 22, pages 49–62. 2001.</p><br>
<p>* Monela, G.C. Tropical rainforest deforestation; biodiversity, benefits and sustainable land use: analysis of economic and ecological aspects related to the Nguru Mountains, Tanzania. PhD Thesis, Norway, 1994.</p><br>
<p>Castle Rock is a large limestone pillar landmark in Gove County, Kansas. The formation and the nearby badlands are located in the Smoky Hills region of Kansas, which is approximately 11 miles south of I-70 near Quinter, Kansas.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Castle Rock was a landmark on the Butterfield Overland Despatch route (Overland Trail). The chalk was deposited in the area by an ancient inland sea. The formation was formed by the weathering of the chalk by wind and water. It received its name because it is said to look like a castle rising above the prairie.</p><br>
<p>Weathering of the rock formation is increasing due to visitors climbing on the rocks. In 2001, following a thunderstorm, the tallest spire fell.</p><br>
<p>On January 29, 2008, Castle Rock and Monument Rocks 31 miles to the west were jointly named as one of the 8 Wonders of Kansas.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Criel Mound is a Native American burial mound located in South Charleston, West Virginia, USA. The mound was built by the Adena culture, probably around 250–150 BC, and lay equidistant between two “sacred circles”, earthwork enclosures each 556 ft in diameter. It was originally 33 ft high and 173 ft in diameter at the base, making it the second-largest such burial mound in the state of West Virginia.  This archaeological site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mound was originally conical in shape. Residents of the area leveled the top in 1840 to erect a judges&#39; stand, as they ran horse races around the base of the mound at the time.</p><br>
<p>The Criel Mound was excavated in 1883–84 under the auspices of the US Bureau of Ethnology and the supervision of Col. P.W. Norris. The excavation was performed by Professor Cyrus Thomas of the Smithsonian Institution. Inside the mound, Professor Thomas found thirteen skeletons: two near the top of the mound, and eleven at the base. The skeletons at the base consisted of a single very large but badly decayed skeleton at the center, a "once most powerful man" which according to A.R. Sines who assisted Col. Norris in the excavation, measured "Six feet, 8 3–4 inches" (205 cm) from head to heel with broad shoulders, massive teeth and a very thick low and flat skull encased in a large copper headband. This skeleton was surrounded by ten other skeletons arranged in a spoke-like pattern, with their feet pointing toward the central skeleton. The skeletons at the base had been wrapped in elm bark and were lying on a floor of white ash and bark. Several artifacts were found buried with the skeletons, including arrowheads, lanceheads, and shell and pottery fragments. The central skeleton was accompanied by a fish-dart, a lance-head, and a sheet of hammered native copper near the head. Holes found at the base of the mound suggest that the bodies at the base had been enclosed in a wooden vault.</p><br>
<p>The Criel Mound is part of the second-largest known concentration of Adena mounds and circular enclosures. This area extends for eight miles (13 km) along the upper terraces of the Kanawha River floodplain, in the vicinity of present-day Charleston. In 1894, Cyrus Thomas reported 50 mounds in this area, ranging from 3’ to 35’ in height and from 35’ to 200’ in diameter. He also reported finding eight to ten circular earthworks, enclosing from 1 to 30 acre. Stone mounds dotted the bluffs above the floodplain.</p><br>
<p>While many of the original Adena mounds were destroyed during later development of the area, a few remain. The Wilson Mound is in a private cemetery in South Charleston. The Shawnee Reservation Mound still exists in Institute, West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Criel Mound is the centerpiece of Staunton Park, a small municipal park maintained by the city of South Charleston. It is a gathering place for community activities, such as arts and crafts fairs, revivals, memorial services, sunrise services, and town carnivals.</p><br>
<p>The Little Sandy River is a tributary of the Ohio River in northeastern Kentucky in the United States. It is 85.4 mi long drains an area of 724.2 square miles. Via the Ohio, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Little Sandy rises in southern Elliott County and flows generally north-northeastwardly in a meandering course through Elliott, Carter and Greenup counties, through the towns of Sandy Hook and Grayson. It joins the Ohio River at Greenup.</p><br>
<h2>Dams</h2><br>
<p>A USA Army Corps of Engineers dam in Carter County causes the river to widen as Grayson Lake in southern Carter and northern Elliott Counties. Grayson Lake State Park is located along this impoundment.</p><br>
<h2>East Fork Little Sandy River</h2><br>
<p>The East Fork Little Sandy River, 48.3 mi long, joins the main stream in Greenup County. It rises in northern Lawrence County and initially flows eastwardly before turning north-northwestwardly through Boyd and Greenup Counties. It flows past the Ashland suburb of Cannonsburg.</p><br>
<p>Anvers Island or Antwerp Island or Antwerpen Island or Isla Amberes is a high, mountainous island 61 km long, the largest in the Palmer Archipelago of Antarctica. It was discovered by John Biscoe in 1832 and named in 1898 by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Adrien de Gerlache after the province of Antwerp in Belgium. It lies south-west of Brabant Island at the south-western end of the group. The south-western coastline of the island forms part of the Southwest Anvers Island and Palmer Basin Antarctic Specially Managed Area . Cormorant Island, an Important Bird Area, lies 1 km off the south coast.</p><br>
<h2>Palmer Station</h2><br>
<p>The Palmer Station on Anvers Island is located at (64.77&deg;S latitude, 64.05&deg;W longitude) and is Antarctica&#39;s only USA station north of the Antarctic Circle. Construction finished in 1968. Around 50 people can inhabit Palmer Station at one time. The station is named for Nathaniel B. Palmer, likely to have been one of the first three persons to see Antarctica. There are science labs in the station, as well as a dock.</p><br>
<h2>The former station of the British Antarctic Survey</h2><br>
<p>On Anvers Island, the British Antarctic Survey built and operated a station (Base N) for the purpose of survey and geology. The station of the British Antarctic Survey consisted of a hut and was occupied from February 27, 1955 until January 10, 1958. In 1958, the station of the British Antarctic Survey was closed when local work was completed. The hut of station of the British Antarctic Survey was loaned to the USA Government on July 2, 1963, which converted it into a biological laboratory in January 1965 for use by American scientists at the nearby Palmer Station. The station of the British Antarctic Survey was open in support of an air facility from 1969 until 1971. The station of the British Antarctic Survey was destroyed by fire on December 28, 1971 while being renovated by the British Antarctic Survey. Debris was removed by the members of the US Antarctic Program in 1990/1991. Only concrete foundations remain.</p><br>
<p>A skiway was in use from 1969 to 1973. The air operations were transferred to Adelaide (Station T) in 1973 when the skiway deteriorated. The skiway remained intermittently in use until November 15, 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Ship aground.</h2><br>
<p>On 11 February 1972 the Lindblad Explorer ran aground near La Plaza Point, Antarctica. She was towed to Buenos Aires, Argentina and then to Kristiansand, Norway for repairs.</p><br>
<h2>D'Abnour Bay</h2><br>
<p>DAbnour Bay is a small bay 3 nmi east-southeast of Cape Gronland in northern Anvers Island, Palmer Archipelago. First charted by the French Antarctic Expedition (1903–05) under J.B. Charcot, who named the bay for French naval officer Contre-amiral Richard dAbnour.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>Anvers Island was the scene of the protagonist Grim Fiddles "kingdom" and his later imprisonment in John Calvin Batchelors novel The Birth of the People&#39;s Republic of Antarctica. Fiddle was an adventurer in a dystopian future world with many references to Norse mythology.</p><br>
<p>Brabant Island is the second largest island of the Palmer Archipelago within the British Antarctic Territory, lying between Anvers Island and Liège Island. Brabant Island is 59 km long north-south, 30 km wide, and rises to 2,520 m in Mount Parry. The interior of the island is occupied by two mountain ranges, Solvay Mountains  in its southern part and Stribog Mountains  in its central and northern parts.</p><br>
<p>It was named by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897–1899) under Adrien de Gerlache, who named it after the Belgian province of Brabant, in recognition of the support given to the expedition by its citizens.</p><br>
<p>A paper summarizing the Joint Services expedition of 1984–1985 describes the island as "notoriously inhospitable" and states that there is evidence for only six visits between the discovery in 1898 and 1984. Members of the expedition overwintered there in 1984–1985, and made the first ascent of Mount Parry.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 64 62. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, UK, 1980.</p><br>
<p>Scale 1:250000 topographic map. British Antarctic Survey, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Adelaide Island or Isla Adelaida or Isla Belgrano is a large, mainly ice-covered island, 75 nmi long and 20 nmi wide, lying at the north side of Marguerite Bay off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The Ginger Islands lie off the southern end. Mount Bodys is the easternmost mountain on Adelaide Island, rising to over 1,220 m. The island lies within the Argentine, British and Chilean Antarctic claims.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Adelaide Island was discovered in 1832 by a British expedition under John Biscoe. The island was first surveyed by the French Antarctic Expedition (1908–1910) under Jean-Baptiste Charcot.</p><br>
<p>According to a contemporary source, the island was named by Biscoe himself in honour of Queen Adelaide of the United Kingdom.</p><br>
<p>The Island has two bases on it. The old Adelaide Island base (also known as Base T) was set up by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS), which became the British Antarctic Survey. The Base was closed due to an unstable skiway and operations were moved to the new Rothera Research Station during 1976-77; this base remains open. The old BAS base was transferred to the Chilean authorities in 1984, when it was renamed Teniente Luis Carvajal Villaroel Antarctic Base. The station was then used as a summer only station by the Chileans. However, the skiway and ramp to the station from the plateau have all become so unstable that the Chilean Air Force (FACh) have ceased operating there. The Chilean Navy has visited the station almost every summer to ensure it is in good keeping. BAS employees also visit the station during the winter when access from the plateau is easier.</p><br>
<p>Due to the length of time that it has been inhabited the island is well mapped by Antarctic standards.</p><br>
<p>Mount Maunganui, or Mauao, commonly known by locals as The Mount, is an extinct volcanic cone at the end of a peninsula and the town of Mount Maunganui, by the eastern entrance to the Tauranga Harbour in New Zealand. It is considered very important and tapu  by the local Māori iwi, featuring extensively in local mythology. It is also of significant historical value. The summit is 232 metres above sea level.</p><br>
<p>In recent years there have been several fires on the mountain, in turn triggering a number of replanting efforts. Since Mount Maunganui has been open to the general public it has become a popular location for many activities including scenic walks, jogging and even hang gliding.</p><br>
<h2>Maori legend</h2><br>
<p>In the ancient times of the Maori people there lived a nameless hill. He sat alone in a discarded inland area and was slave to Otanewainuku, the most prestigious mountain of Tauranga Moana. Nearby there lived a captivating hill whose name was Puwhenua; she was adorned with the beauty of Tanemahuta (God of the Forest). The nameless one desired the affection of Puwhenua, but her heart had already been won by Otanewainuku. This resulted in disparity which led the nameless one to decide to take his life by drowning in Te Moananui-a-Kiwa (Pacific Ocean). So he called upon his companions the patupaiarehe (fairy people) who dwelt in the dark recesses of the forest. The patupaiarehe were people of the night and possessed magical powers. The nameless one knew that with their help his ambition to end his life will be accomplished. When night fell, they laced the nameless one with dozens of ropes and began to heave and pull. The land rumbled as the patupaiarehe forced the nameless one from his position. A valley was gouged as they heaved him along, which is where the Waimapu river now flows. They continued along the Tauranga Moana channels where Hairini, Maungatapu and Matapihi reside. Upon their arrival near the great ocean of Kiwa, daybreak was fast approaching. Unfortunately for the nameless one this was proving to be quite a complex and problematic task. The rays of Tama nui te ra (Sun) began to light up the summit of the nameless hill and before they knew it, the patupaiarehe were exposed to the rays of light, so they retreated back to the depths of the forests.</p><br>
<p>The patupaiarehe decided to give the name Mauao to this mountain, which now marks the entrance into Tauranga Harbour. The literal translation of Mauao is "caught by the dawn". In time this mountain assumed its own great prestige and mana even over his once rival Otanewainuku and now stands as the symbol of all tribes of Tauranga Moana.</p><br>
<h2>Early history of Tauranga and Mauao</h2><br>
<p>The name Tauranga can be translated as meaning place of rest or anchorage.</p><br>
<p>The earliest people known to have resided in the Tauranga area are the Purukupenga, whose name alone survives, and the Ngamarama, who inhabited all the land from the Waimapu Stream to the Kaimai Ranges.</p><br>
<p>Many people of different waka passed through and some stayed. This included those of the Tainui canoe, which made only a brief stay, although evidence of their visit can be linked to “nga pehi o Tainui”, the ballast of Tainui, now known as Ratahi Rock.</p><br>
<p>Another was the Te Arawa canoe which made landfall at Maketu, with some of her crew occupying the land between the Tauranga harbour and the Kaituna River. After the departure of Tainui the Takitimu canoe then entered the Tauranga harbour. Its captain, Tamatea Arikinui or Tamatea Pokaiwhenua, climbed to the summit of Mauao (Mount Maunganui) to offer karakia (prayers) and to bury there the mauri (life force) of his people.</p><br>
<p>Tamatea built a pa (stockaded village) on the hill known as Maungatawa, where his people settled. Ngati Ranginui all descended from Tamatea’s son, Ranginui. In later years Ngaiterangi after many failed attempts of looking to settle themselves in a permanent area led a massive raid on the Ngati Ranginui pa site on top of Mauao (around 1700). This attack resulted in the pa falling to Ngaiterangi, and is known as the Battle of the Kokowai.</p><br>
<p>According to archaeologist there has been evidence of three pa sites recorded on top of and around Mauao. The final encounter of warfare ended at the cliffs of Mauao between Ngaiterangi and Ngapuhi. Armed with muskets Ngapuhi decided to intimidate and force their way through under the command of Te Morenga in 1820, the large pa site was not re-occupied after this battle. A peace was made with Ngapuhi shortly afterwards by Te Waru of Ngaiterangi.</p><br>
<h2>MV Ranui</h2><br>
<p>At about 5pm on 28 December 1950, 23 people were drowned (3 crew and 20 passengers) when the 6 ton 45 foot passenger launch Ranui was driven on to North West Rock at the base of the mountain by an exceptionally high wave. The launch was capsized and was smashed to pieces. The only survivor was a 19-year-old youth, Phillip "Bluey" Smith. A Marine Court found no fault with the boat&#39;s master or owners.</p><br>
<p>The vessel&#39;s engine was wedged between rocks on the seaward edge of the base track above North West Rock. A brass plaque was installed in memory of those who died.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership</h2><br>
<p>On 14 May 2008, New Zealand&#39;s Parliament adopted legislation whereby ownership of Mount Maunganui was transferred from the Crown to the Ngāi Te Rangi, Ngati Ranginui and Ngati Pukenga iwi. The land had been alienated following the 1863 land wars.</p><br>
<p>Lake Lovozero  is located on the Kola Peninsula, in Murmansk Oblast within the Barents Sea basin and ensures runoff from the Voronya River. Area: 200 km², average depth is 5.7 metres, maximal 35 m. Annual fluctuations do not exceed 1 m, and the average period of water renewal is about 10 months. The lake has a winding coastline and many peninsulas and islands. The area surrounding the lake, e.g. the Lovozerskiye Tundras is commonly known as "Ловозёрье" in Russian .</p><br>
<p>In 1970, two hydroelectric power plants were built on the Voronya River at Serebryansk, about 100 kilometers downstream from the lake. The dam at the power plant created a reservoir on the Voronya with the same waterlevel as Lake Lovozero, effectively turning the two bodies of water into one.</p><br>
<p>The American Bottom is the flood plain of the Mississippi River in the Metro-East region of Southern Illinois, extending from Alton, Illinois, south to the Kaskaskia River. It is also sometimes called "American Bottoms". The area is about 175 square miles, mostly protected from flooding in the 21st century by a levee and drainage canal system. Immediately across the river from St. Louis, Missouri are industrial and urban areas, but many swamps and the major Horseshoe Lake are reminders of the Bottoms&#39; riparian nature. This plain served as the center for the pre-Columbian Cahokia Mounds civilization, and later the French settlement of Illinois Country. Deforestation of the river banks in the 19th century to fuel steamboats had dramatic environmental effects in this region. The Mississippi River between St. Louis and the confluence with the Ohio River became wider and more shallow, as unstable banks collapsed into the water. This resulted in more severe flooding and lateral changes of the major channel, causing the destruction of several French colonial towns, such Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and St. Philippe, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The southern portion of the American Bottoms is primarily agricultural, planted chiefly in corn, wheat, and soybean. The American Bottom is part of the Mississippi Flyway used by migrating birds and has the greatest concentration of bird species in Illinois. The flood plain is bounded on the east by a nearly continuous, 200–300 foot high, 80 mi long bluff of limestone and dolomite, above which begins the great prairie that covers most of the state. The Mississippi River bounds the Bottom on its west, and the river abuts the bluffline on the Missouri side. Portions of St. Clair, Madison, Monroe, and Randolph counties are in the American Bottom. Its maximum width is about 9 mi in the north, and it is about 2–3 miles in width throughout most of its southern extent.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>(See Cahokia)</p><br>
<h3>Indigenous people</h3><br>
<p>Before European settlement, the area was home to indigenous peoples for many centuries. The peak civilization was created by peoples of the Mississippian culture, known as the Mound Builders. With the cultivation of maize, they were able to create food surpluses and build concentrated settlements in the centuries after 600 CE. The Cahokia Mounds Site, which was built as the center attracted a rapid increase in population after 1000 CE, is a six-square mile complex of large, man-made, earthen mounds rising from the flood plain. In 1982, it was designated by UNESCO as one of only eight World Heritage Sites in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The most prominent structure is Monks Mound, rising ten stories high at the center of the complex and fronting on a 40 acre Grand Plaza. Monks Mound is the largest Pre-Columbian earthwork in the Americas, and the complex is the largest earthwork north of Mexico. The engineering of the mounds showed that their builders had an expert knowledge of the varying soils and their capacities. Cahokia was a complex, planned, and designed urban center with a residential population, farming, and artisan production of refined crafts and goods. With its location at the confluence of three major rivers, it was the center of a regional trading network reaching to the Great Lakes and the Gulf Coast. With a population estimated at 30,000 at its peak, Cahokia was the largest city north of modern-day Mexico. Perhaps due to ecological reasons of deforestation and overhunting by the population, the city went into decline after 1300 and was abandoned before 1400. No city in the territorial United States surpassed this population until after 1800, when Philadelphia exceeded it.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological investigation has determined that the various types of mounds were arranged in a planned construction that reflected the cosmology of the Mississippians. The smaller ridge-top and conical mounds were used for ritual burials, some for elites and some for apparent sacrifices. The larger platform mounds were used for temples and homes of the elite. Archaeologists have found remains of a 2 mi long, defensive wooden stockade that enclosed the central precinct and was rebuilt several times. They also discovered two major solar calendars, now known as Woodhenge, as the works were constructed of cedar, which was considered a sacred wood. The area surrounding the mounds had numerous borrow pits from which soil was taken to build the mounds and to fill and level the Grand Plaza and other plazas.</p><br>
<h3>French settlement</h3><br>
<p>After Cahokia was abandoned, there were few indigenous inhabitants in the area in the 17th century at the time of first French exploration. The French made the earliest European settlement in this region of the Mississippi River Valley. They encountered Illiniwek clans called Cahokia, after whom they named the earthwork complex, and Kaskaskia, after whom the French named a river and town. The French villages included Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher, St. Philippe, and Prairie du Pont. Examples of 18th-century French Colonial architecture survive here, including the old Cahokia courthouse and Holy Family Catholic Church, both made with the distinctive vertical-log construction known as poteaux-sur-solle.</p><br>
<h3>Americans</h3><br>
<p>American settlers began arriving near the end of the American Revolution after the Illinois Country was ceded by Great Britain to the new United States. In the early years, American single men came to the country, and there was little government and much anarchy. As Americans arrived, many residents of French descent moved west of the Mississippi River to St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve, Missouri. Within several years, the former French colonial towns had become mostly American in population, and English dominated as the language.</p><br>
<p>The Goshen Settlement was an early American settlement at the edge of the Bottom. The settlers continued to use the rich alluvial floodplain mostly for agriculture until the late 19th century. Brooklyn, Illinois was founded by 1839 as a freedom village by free people of color and fugitive slaves, led by "Mother" Priscilla Baltimore. It was the first town incorporated by African Americans under a state legal system.</p><br>
<p>The rivers were used as transportation routes for trading and travel. The introduction of steamboats to the Mississippi and other major rivers led to deforestation of the river banks in the 19th century. The steamboats consumed much wood for fuel, leading to dramatic environmental effects along the Mississippi River between St. Louis and the confluence with the Ohio River. With so many trees taken down, the banks became unstable, collapsing into the river due to the powerful current. In this area, the Mississippi became wider and more shallow, which resulted in more severe flooding and lateral changes of the major channel. Several French colonial towns in the 19th century, such as Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and St. Philippe, Illinois, were flooded and destroyed. Kaskaskia was rebuilt but, after the channel of the Mississippi shifted, it was cut off from the mainland of Illinois and is connected to Missouri land.</p><br>
<p>The area of the Bottom directly across from Saint Louis became highly industrialized. Industrialists located many "smokestack" industries here, such as steel mills, chemical plants, and oil refineries, because they ran on Illinois coal. In addition, the people who built the first bridge from St. Louis across the Mississippi River to Illinois imposed a tax on heavy traffic. Rather than pay it, developers simply located their industries in East St. Louis.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, dramatic growth in industrial jobs in the American Bottom attracted many European immigrants and African-American migrants. The latter left the rural South in the Great Migration to work in factories and gain better lives for their children. Eastern European immigrants founded the first Bulgarian Orthodox Church in the United States in Madison, Illinois. Today, East Saint Louis is predominantly African-American in ethnicity. Following industrial restructuring, other immigrant descendants moved to other areas when following jobs and housing. Heavy industry is still prominent in the area, although total employment in these industries continues to decline after restructuring and industry changes.</p><br>
<p>Like the Mississippians, Americans made massive changes in the floodplain; their development has reduced its ability to absorb floods. The destruction of wetlands and paving over of areas along all the major rivers has increased the severity of flooding over the decades, despite attempted engineering solutions for flood control, which in turn have exacerbated flooding. During the Great Flood of 1993, major portions of the southern Bottom were flooded; 47,000 acres (190 km²) of land below Columbia, Illinois was inundated, destroying the town of Valmeyer. The waters came within five feet of overtopping the East Saint Louis levee. If they had run over, they would have flooded 71,000 acres (290 km²) and destroyed this urban industrial area. More than nine feet of floodwater covered the town of Kaskaskia in 1993 after it overtopped the levee; only the spire of the Catholic church and roof of a nearby shrine rose far above the waters.</p><br>
<h2>Major cities in American Bottom</h2><br>
<p>Alton</p><br>
<p>East St. Louis</p><br>
<p>Granite City</p><br>
<p>Madison</p><br>
<p>Cahokia</p><br>
<p>The Mount  is a country house in Lenox, Massachusetts, the home of noted American author Edith Wharton, who designed the house and its grounds and considered it her "first real home." The estate, located in The Berkshires, is open to the public. The property was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Today, The Mount is a cultural center and historic house museum, welcoming over 50,000 visitors each year. Visitors can experience the property and learn about Edith Wharton by taking tours of the house and gardens. There are no velvet ropes and stanchions, visitors are invited to sit and interact with the rooms. Interpretive exhibits throughout the house explore Wharton’s life, her humanitarian efforts, literary legacy, and lives of the servants. In addition to being a house with a story to tell, The Mount is also a cultural center, partnering with over 40 local organizations to present lectures, dramatic readings, theater, music, storytelling, workshops, outdoor sculpture, films, and literary panels.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mounts main house was inspired by the 17th-century Belton House in England, with additional influences from classical Italian and French architecture. Edith Wharton used the principles described in her first book, The Decoration of Houses (co-authored with Ogden Codman, Jr.), when she designed the house. She thought that good architectural expression included order, scale, and harmony. Its west (entry) elevation is three stories; on the garden side it is two stories with an opening out to a large, raised, stone terrace overlooking the grounds. The house exterior is a striking white stucco, strongly set off by dark green shutters, and rises from a quasi-rustic foundation of coarse field stone. Clusters of gables and white chimneys rise from the roof, which is capped with a balustrade and cupola. This main house is augmented by Georgian Revival gatehouse and stable, and a beautifully restored Lord and Burnham Greenhouse. Whartons sometime collaborator, Ogden Codman, Jr., assisted with the architectural design. Wharton&#39;s niece, Beatrix Jones Farrand, designed the kitchen garden and the drive; Farrand was the only woman of the eleven founders of the American Society of Landscape Architects.</p><br>
<p>Edith Wharton and her husband, Edward, lived in the Mount from 1902 to 1911. After the Whartons left, the house was a private residence, a girls&#39; dormitory for the Foxhollow School, and site of the theatre company Shakespeare & Company. It was then bought by Edith Wharton Restoration, which has restored much of the property to its original condition and oversees the running of the property as a historic house museum and cultural center.</p><br>
<p>The house is situated at the high end of its grounds. The original site was 113 acre of farmland, with another 15 acre later added. The current estate size is 49.5 acre. Restored gardens include an Italian walled garden, formal flower garden, alpine rock garden, lime walk, and extensive grass terraces.</p><br>
<p>Today, in addition to being a historic house, The Mount is a major attraction in the Berkshires of Western Massachusetts. It has been featured in several high-end magazines including an eight-page spread shot by photographer Annie Leibovitz for Vogue 2012 fall issue, with a foreword by Colm Tóibín. In recent years, The Mount has become a literary hub, hosting an array of events including readings, book launches, and panel discussions. Author appearances have included: Tom Reiss, Billy Collins, David McCullough, Megan Marshall, Lily Koppel, Adam Gopnik, Kate Bolick, Garrison Keillor, John Berendt.</p><br>
<h2>Paranormal activity</h2><br>
<p>Edith Wharton wrote several ghost stories during her career, drawing on her own experience with and interest in the supernatural. As a child, she claimed to be "haunted by formless horrors" and as an adult she remained sensitive to the subject, until her late twenties. Later in life, she became more comfortable with the subject and would go on to write her own ghost stories.</p><br>
<p>In 1942 The Mount became part of the Foxhollow School for Girls, and residents reported unexplained noises and experiences in the living areas of the mansion. Following the school&#39;s closure in 1976, the mansion remained vacant for several years until Shakespeare & Company used it as a dormitory and performance space. Actors reported the same unexplained sounds and sightings of figures in period dress. In early 2009, the SyFy television show Ghost Hunters filmed an episode at The Mount, and over the course of three days reported audio and visual evidence of activity, such as the sounds of footsteps in an otherwise empty room, and disembodied voices. The show did a follow-up episode in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Currently, The Mount offers "ghost tours" during the summer and fall season. Staff members give tours of the estate, including the stable and the mansion.</p><br>
<p>The Brijuni or the Brijuni Islands  are a group of fourteen small islands in the Croatian part of the northern Adriatic Sea, separated from the west coast of the Istrian peninsula by the narrow Fažana Strait. The largest island, Veliki Brijun Island , , lies 2 km off the coast. The other islands are Mali Brijun, San Marco, Gaz, Okrugljak, Supin, Supinič, Galija, Grunj, Krasnica , Madona, Vrsar, Jerolim and Kozada. Famous for their scenic beauty, the islands are a holiday resort and a Croatian National Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Brijuni islands were called by ancient Greeks Pollariae or Pullariae (Πολλάριαι), and later, they were called Brionian.</p><br>
<p>The Brijuni Islands had some Ancient Roman settlements, but up to the late 19th century the islands were mainly used for their quarries, which have been worked on for centuries. The islands belonged to Venice from the Middle Ages, and stone from the islands was used to build the palaces and bridges of the city. The islands were part of the Illyrian Provinces after Napoleon&#39;s brief annexation.</p><br>
<p>In 1815 the islands became part of the Austrian Empire, which later became Austria-Hungary. During this period the islands&#39; quarries first supplied stone to Vienna and Berlin. With the erection of a naval base in the harbour of Pula, the Austrians built a strong fortress, "Fort Tegetthoff," on Veliki Brijun Island Island, together with minor fortifications on some of the others.</p><br>
<p>The Austro-Hungarian Navy abandoned the fortress, and in 1893 the Viennese business magnate Paul Kupelwieser bought the whole archipelago and created an exclusive beach resort. In 1900, Kupelwieser invited Robert Koch, the renowned microbiologist, to conduct his malaria eradication experiments on Brijuni. Koch and his associates were successful, and in 1901 the island was declared malaria-free. The estate was supplemented with first class hotels, restaurants, beach resorts, a casino and a yacht harbour and became a focal point in social life on the Austrian Riviera. Kupelwieser also established a sailing regatta, a golf course and - due to the flourish of Austrian Culture - various music concert and literature events. The Brijuni islands became popular as a destination for the Viennese upper class and were visited by members of the Imperial family and other wealthy European bourgeois and aristocrats. During The Great War the Austro-Hungarian navy had a submarine base here.</p><br>
<p>In 1918 after World War I Brijuni became part of the state of Italy. Karl Kupelwieser, the son of the founder of the estate tried to maintain the former splendor, but after the economic crisis following the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the estate went bankrupt and Karl committed suicide. In 1930 ownership of the islands was acquired by the Italian government due to the bankruptcy, and they remained part of Italy until the capitulation in 1943.</p><br>
<p>In 1945 after World War II the Brijuni became part of Yugoslavia and President Marshal Josip Broz Tito made the Brijuni Islands his personal State Summer Residence. Slovenian architect Jože Plečnik designed a pavilion for Tito. Almost 100 foreign heads of state visited Tito on his islands, along with film stars including Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, Sophia Loren, Carlo Ponti, and Gina Lollobrigida. Tito died in 1980, and by 1983 the islands were declared a National Park of Yugoslavia.</p><br>
<p>In mid-July 1956, President of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser, Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru, and President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito met here to discuss their opposition to the Cold War. These ideas later crystallized into the Non-Aligned Movement. Vijay Prashad has compared this meeting to the Yalta Conference.</p><br>
<p>In 1991 Croatia gained independence and made the Brijuni Islands an International Conference Center (see Brijuni Agreement). Four hotels on Veliki Brijun Island were re-opened, as well as a Safari Park, which holds animals given to Tito, such as Sony and Lanka, two Indian elephants donated by Indira Gandhi. Sony, who was donated to Tito in 1970 as a two-year-old calf, died in 2010. The International Brijuni Polo Tournament, dating back to Karl Kupelwieser&#39;s Austro-Italian Brijuni in 1924, has been re-continued since 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>The majority of the flora on the archipelago of the Brijuni islands has the typical Mediterranean characteristics. On Veliki Brijun Island there are about 600 indigenous plant species. Here cedars, bamboos, and the pyramidal yew have become acclimatised, while on Vanga the dwarf spruce grows. There is also much exotic vegetation that Tito received from foreign statesmen. The most important plant associations of Veliki Brijun Island are: Maquis shrubland, Holm Oak, and Laurel forest, and Conifers, which are very characteristic of the region.</p><br>
<p>It is interesting to point out that on the islands there are some plant species that are among the endangered plant species of Istria (marine poppy, wild cucumber, some grass species etc.), but on the islands they are quite widespread and develop freely. The most valuable part of the island from the point of view of vegetation stretches from the Villa Brijunka in the south, and the most lovely forest is found in the east of the White Villa.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Because of the millennial presence of men on the archipelago of Brijuni, the animal world on the islands, especially Veliki Brijun, besides the autochthonous species, was enriched by many imported species that are not congenial to this habitat but got acclimated to it thanks to the almost ideal microclimatic conditions. Inside the park there is an ethno park is an area within the Safari park presenting a typical Istrian homestead with its autochthonous animal species. Istrian ox (a descendent of the Aurochs), Istrian sheep, donkeys and goats. It is intended both as a habitat and presentation of domestic animals of Istria.</p><br>
<p>In addition, the chital deer, fallow deer and mouflons were introduced to the Veliki Brijun Island in the early 20th century. Their numbers increased in the following decades and can be seen roaming freely around the island.</p><br>
<p>In the late 19th century and early 20th century the European hare, the chital, the fallow deer and the mouflon were imported, so their descendants still adorn the forests, parks and glades of Brijuni and are part of its identity. The autochthonous birds are quite well represented. Some of the smaller islands are excellent habitats where gulls and sea swallows nest, as well as some rare genera of cormorants. The Brionian islands are also important seasonal habitats of northern bird species and the most interesting is the locality of Saline. That is a very damp area with three marshy lakes of 8 acre of fenced area with the aim of forming an ornithology reservation. The biggest lake is overgrown with reed and is a good nestling ground for numerous types of birds.</p><br>
<p>On the island there is also a Safari Park, it is home to a variety of exotic animals which were given to the park as gifts from diplomatic partners. The nilgai, zebu and Asian elephant were donated as a gift from India, plains zebra and mountain zebra were given by Ahmed Sékou Touré from Guinea, waterbuck came from Ethiopia.</p><br>
<p>The local seas of the Brijuni archipelago are important hatching grounds and representative marine parks for the typical marine organisms of the northern Adriatic. Of the marine organisms that are protected by the Law on Environmental Conservation in the waters of Brijuni you can find the pen-shell and the date-shell. Sea turtles and dolphins, the protected marine vertebrates, can also from time to time be seen in the waters of Brijuni. There are also some endemic species like the black tang, Jadranski bračić, and the Tunicate, Jadranski ciganin.</p><br>
<p>The seabed abounds in sponges, shellfish, sea urchins, crustaceans, fish etc. In the past in the seas of Brijuni were found some species that were never seen in the Adriatic, as well as some species up to then unknown to scientists like the soft coral Alcyonium brionense or the variety of the sponge Ircinia variabilis fistulata.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>On the Brijuni there are several archaeological and cultural sites.</p><br>
<p>At four sites on Veliki Brijun Island over 200 dinosaur footprints have been discovered, which can be traced to the Cretaceous Period from where Brijuni Cretaceous Park gets its name.</p><br>
<p>There are also several archeological sites worth seeing. There is the 13th century AD St. Mary&#39;s Church which was built by the Knights Templar. There are also two ancient Roman villa remains, from the 2nd Century BC and remains of a Byzantine palace. The last remain is Hill-fort which indicates a Bronze Age settlement on the island dating back to 14th century BC.</p><br>
<p>There are also several exhibitions including natural history and art exhibitions, and archaeological collections.</p><br>
<h2>Other</h2><br>
<p>The Italian clothing company Brioni is named after the historical name for the islands.</p><br>
<p>James Joyce celebrated his 23rd birthday on Veliki Brijun on 2nd February, 1905</p><br>
<p>Cucamonga Peak, at 8,862 ft is one of the highest peaks of the San Gabriel Mountains, and is located in San Bernardino County, California. It is within the Cucamonga Wilderness of the San Bernardino National Forest.</p><br>
<p>It is named after the 19th-century Mexican land grant, Rancho Cucamonga, that was below it.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain towers over the Inland Empire cities of Rancho Cucamonga, Ontario and Fontana.</p><br>
<p>The summit can be seen west of Cajon Pass on Interstate 15, the route from Southern California to Las Vegas. The peak can also be seen on extremely clear days from Mount San Jacinto 46 mi to the southeast, Irvine 55 mi to the south, and Santa Monica to the far west.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The trail to the summit begins in Icehouse Canyon. A Forest Service trail (7W07) leads from here to Icehouse Saddle, from which the Cucamonga Peak Trail (7W04) leads to the summit. The round trip is 14 mi long with an elevation gain of 4,300 ft. A wilderness permit is required.</p><br>
<p>It is advisable to bring a warm jacket or windbreaker as there is no protection from the elements when getting close towards the summit. Snow can also be found in certain parts of the hike depending on the season.</p><br>
<p>Main injector neutrino oscillation search  was a particle physics experiment designed to study the phenomena of neutrino oscillations, first discovered by a Super-Kamiokande  experiment in 1998. Neutrinos produced by the NuMI  beamline at Fermilab near Chicago are observed at two detectors, one very close to where the beam is produced , and another much larger detector 735 km away in northern Minnesota .</p><br>
<p>The MINOS experiment started detecting neutrinos from the NuMI beam in February 2005. On 30 March 2006, the MINOS collaboration announced that the analysis of the initial data, collected in 2005, is consistent with neutrino oscillations, with the oscillation parameters which are consistent with Super-K measurements.</p><br>
<p>MINOS received the last neutrinos from the NUMI beam line at midnight on 30 April 2012. It was upgraded to MINOS+ which started taking data in 2013. The experiment was shut down on June 29, 2016, and the far detector has been dismantled and removed.</p><br>
<h2>Detectors</h2><br>
<p>There are two detectors in the experiment.</p><br>
<p>The near detector is similar to the far detector in design, but smaller in size with a mass of (t). It is located at Fermilab, a few hundred meters away from the graphite target which the protons interact with, and approximately 100 meters underground. The commissioning of the near detector was completed in December 2004, and it is now fully operational.</p><br>
<p>The far detector has a mass of. It is located in the Soudan mine in Northern Minnesota at a depth of 716 meters. The far detector has been fully operational since summer 2003, and has been taking cosmic ray and atmospheric neutrino data since early in its construction.</p><br>
<p>Both MINOS detectors are steel-scintillator sampling calorimeters made out of alternating planes of magnetized steel and plastic scintillators. The magnetic field causes the path of a muon produced in a muon neutrino interaction to bend, making it possible to distinguish interactions with neutrinos from those with antineutrinos. This feature of the MINOS detectors allows MINOS to search for CPT-violation with atmospheric neutrinos and anti-neutrinos.</p><br>
<h2>Neutrino beam</h2><br>
<p>To produce the NuMI beamline, 120 GeV Main Injector proton pulses hit a water-cooled graphite target. The resulting interactions of protons with the target material produce pions and kaons, which are focused by a system of magnetic horns. The neutrinos from subsequent decays of pions and kaons form the neutrino beam. Most of these are muon neutrinos, with a small electron neutrino contamination. Neutrino interactions in the near detector are used to measure the initial neutrino flux and energy spectrum. Because they are weakly interacting and therefore usually pass through matter, the vast majority of the neutrinos travel through the near detector and the 734 km of rock, then through the far detector and off into space. On the way toward Soudan, about 20% of the muon neutrinos oscillate into other flavors.</p><br>
<h2>Physics goals and results</h2><br>
<p>MINOS measures the difference in neutrino beam composition and energy distribution in the near and far detectors with the aim of producing precision measurements of the neutrino squared mass difference and mixing angle. In addition, MINOS looks for the appearance of electron neutrinos in the far detector, and will either measure or set a limit on the oscillation probability of muon neutrinos into electron neutrinos.</p><br>
<p>On 29 July 2006, the MINOS collaboration published a paper giving their initial measurements of oscillation parameters as judged from muon neutrino disappearance. These are: Δm × 10 eV/c and sin(2θ23) &gt; 0.87 (68% confidence limit).</p><br>
<p>In 2008 MINOS released a further result using over twice the previous data (3.36×10 protons-on-target; this includes the first data set). This is the most precise measurement of Δm. The results are: Δm × 10 eV/c and sin(2θ23) &gt; 0.90 (90% confidence limit).</p><br>
<p>In 2011, the above results were updated again, using a more than double data sample (exposure of 7.25×10 protons on target) and improved analysis methodology. The results are: Δm × 10 eV/c and sin(2θ23) &gt; 0.90 (90% confidence limit).</p><br>
<p>In 2010 and 2011, MINOS reported results according to which there is a difference in the disappearance and consequently the masses between antineutrinos and neutrinos, which would violate CPT symmetry.</p><br>
<p>However, after additional data were evaluated in 2012, MINOS reported that this gap has closed and no excess is there any more.</p><br>
<p>Cosmic ray results from the MINOS far detector have shown that there is a strong correlation between high energy cosmic rays measured and the temperature of the stratosphere. This is the first time, daily variations in secondary cosmic rays from an underground muon detector are shown to be associated with planetary–scale meteorological phenomena in the stratosphere such as the Sudden stratospheric warming as well as the change in seasons. The MINOS far detector is also able to observe a reduction in cosmic rays caused by the Sun and the Moon</p><br>
<h3>Time of flight of neutrinos</h3><br>
<p>In 2007 an experiment with the MINOS detectors found the speed of neutrinos to be at 68% confidence level, and at 99% confidence level a range between to. The central value was higher than the speed of light; however, the uncertainty was great enough that the result also did not rule out speeds less than or equal to light at this high confidence level.</p><br>
<p>After the detectors for the project were upgraded in 2012, MINOS corrected their initial result and found agreement with the speed of light, with the difference in the arrival times of −0.0006% (±0.0012%) between neutrinos and light. Further measurements are going to be conducted.</p><br>
<p>Enterprise Island or Isla Lientur or Isla Nansen Norte or North Nansen Island is an island that is 1.5 nmi long and lies at the northeast end of Nansen Island in Wilhelmina Bay, off the west coast of Graham Land. Today, a visit to Enterprise Island is often part of Antarctic cruises.</p><br>
<p>Enterprise Island and Nansen Island were first charted as one feature and named "Île Nansen" by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Adrien de Gerlache in 1898. The islands became well known to whalers operating in the area in the early 1900s and the names North Nansen Island and South Nansen Island were used to distinguish them. Since Nansen Island has now become established for the larger feature, the new name Enterprise Island has been given to the smaller island by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-names Committee (UK-APC), commemorating the enterprise of the whalers who made the anchorage at the south side of the island at Foyn Harbor, a major center of summer industry during the period 1916-1930. Foyn Harbor was first surveyed by T. W. Bagshawe and M. C. Lester in 1921-22. It was named by whalers after the whaling factory ship Svend Foyn, which was moored here during 1921-22.</p><br>
<p>Urra Moor is the highest moor in the North York Moors at 1,454 ft above sea level, in the national park in North Yorkshire, England. The name is a mix of Old English and Old Norse  which means The Dirty Hill. The name of Urra Moor applies to the moor as a whole; the summit itself is known as Round Hill.</p><br>
<p>The summit is crowned by a trig point, and a track passes about 100 m to the south of this point. This track forms part of the route of both the Lyke Wake Walk and the Cleveland Way, and also forms the most commonly used route of ascent for Urra Moor. It is only 3 km from the car park at Clay Bank to the summit via this route; total ascent is just under 200 m.</p><br>
<p>Urra Moor is noted for its prehistoric remains. There are a number of barrows, and several carved rocks, including some cup and ring carvings. Probably the most striking relic is the Face Stone, a carved stone about 1 m in height into which has been carved the shape of a face.</p><br>
<p>Puy de Sancy  is the highest mountain in the Massif Central. It is part of an ancient stratovolcano which has been inactive for about 220,000 years.</p><br>
<p>The northern and southern slopes are used for skiing, and a number of cablecars and skilifts ascend the mountain. Skiing has been practised on the mountain since the early 20th century. Two local priests traversed the Puy de Sancy on skis in 1905. In 1936, a cable car link was built from Mont-Dore to one of the needles just below the summit. In December 1965, a cable car accident injured ten passengers and killed seven others. Super-Besse is another ski resort, located on the southwestern slope.</p><br>
<p>The valley to the north is also the source of two streams called Dore and Dogne, which unite to form the Dordogne River, which flows through the nearby spa town of Mont-Dore and on to the Gironde estuary.</p><br>
<p>Stratonicea  – also transliterated as Stratonikeia, Stratoniceia, Stratoniki, and Stratonike and Stratonice; earlier Idrias and Chrysaoris; and for a time Hadrianopolis – was one of the most important towns in the interior of Caria, Anatolia, situated on the east-southeast of Mylasa, and on the south of the river Marsyas; its site is now located at the present village of Eskihisar, Muğla Province, Turkey. It is situated at a distance of 1 km from the intercity road that connects the district center of Yatağan with Bodrum and Milas, shortly before Yatağan Power Plant if one has taken departure from the latter towns.</p><br>
<h2>Foundation and Seleucid era</h2><br>
<p>According to Strabo, it was founded by the Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter (281–261 BC), who named it after his wife Stratonice. Or at least this is what has been generally told; some historians have contested this date as too early, and proposed to consider the citys founder Stratonices son, Antiochus II Theos, or, later still, Antiochus III the Great.</p><br>
<p>What seems certain is that the city was founded on the site of an old Carian town, Idrias, anciently called Chrysaoris, said to be the first town funded by the Lycians. Later it passed under the control of the Achaemenid Empire. According to Athens tribute "assessment" of 425 BC Idrias was supposed to be responsible for the payment of the considerable sum of six talents. Like many other non-Greek cities on the 425 BC assessment Idrias is never recorded actually paying any tribute to Athens and was never a member of the Delian League. In early Seleucid times, Stratonikeia was a member of the Chrysaorian League, a confederation of Carian towns. The Stratonikeians, though not of Carian origin, were admitted into the confederacy, because they possessed certain small towns or villages, which formed part of it. The league is attested by an inscription already in 267 BC, but was probably older still. Near the town was the temple of Zeus Chrysaoreus, at which the Leagues assembly met; at these meetings several city-states had votes in proportion to the number of towns they possessed.</p><br>
<p>Under the succeeding Seleucid kings, Stratonikeia was adorned with splendid and costly buildings. At a later time in the 3rd century BC it was ceded to the Rhodians. Rhodes seems to have then temporarily lost it, possibly during king Philip V of Macedons Carian campaign (201–198 BC), but it retook control of the place in 197 BC, keeping it until 167 BC when the whole of Caria was declared free by the Roman Republic. From this point starts the citys independent coinage, which was to last until the times of the emperor Gallienus (253–268). In 130 BC the city had a central role in the revolt led against the Romans, since here the self-proclaimed king Aristonicus made a last stand before falling in the hands of his enemies with the fall of the city.</p><br>
<h2>Roman era</h2><br>
<p>Some time after, in 88 BC, Mithridates VI of Pontus (120–63 BC), after imposing a fine and a garrison on the city, resided for some time at Stratonikeia, and married Monime, the daughter of Philopoemen, one of its principal citizens. Then came in 40 BC the siege sustained against Quintus Labienus and his Parthian troops, and the brave resistance it offered to him entitled it to the gratitude of Augustus and the Senate. The emperor Hadrian is said to have taken this town under his special protection, and to have changed its name into Hadrianopolis, a name, however, which may (also) refer to another town also called Stratonikeia. Pliny enumerates it among free cities in Anatolia. Menippus, according to Cicero one of the most distinguished orators of his time, was a native of Stratonikeia.</p><br>
<p>Under the Roman Empire, the town seems to have continued in its prosperity: it was in this age that were built Stratonikeia&#39;s most impressive remains, first of all the theatre, with the seats remaining, estimated to be able to contain no fewer than ten thousand people; and secondly, the Serapeum, or a temple dedicated to the cult of Serapis, built about 200 CE, full of inscriptions and invocations to the gods. Other important ruins are on the acropolis, surrounded by a wall and crowned by a small temple dedicated to the cult of the emperors, and a powerful fortress. Much worse is the state of conservation of the city walls and its agora, while the location of the temple of Zeus Chrysaoreus is still unknown.</p><br>
<h2>Episcopal see</h2><br>
<p>Stratonicea was Christianized early. The Notitiae Episcopatuum mention the see up to the 13th century among the suffragans of Stauropolis. Only three of its bishops are known, by their signatures at councils:</p><br>
<p>Eupeithus, at the Council of Chalcedon (451)</p><br>
<p>Theopemptus, at the Council of Constantinople (692); and</p><br>
<p>Gregory, at the Council of Nicaea (787).</p><br>
<p>The ancient bishopric of Stratonicea in Caria is included in the Catholic Church&#39;s list of titular sees. No further titular bishop of this eastern see has been appointed since the Second Vatican Council.</p><br>
<p>Antonio Stoppani, (13 Jun 1917 Appointed - 6 Aug 1940)</p><br>
<p>Joseph Cucherousset, (9 Apr 1948 Appointed - 14 Sep 1955 )</p><br>
<p>Carlos Guillermo</p><br>
<p>Hartl de Laufen, (9 Nov 1956 Appointed - 6 Feb 1977 )</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The citys site is today partly occupied by the Turkish village of Eskihisar, and part of the sites necropolis (allegedly of modest scientific significance) has vanished with the opening of a pit to extract the lignite reserves that feed the nearby Yatağan power plant. The pit is proposed to be transformed into a lake in the coming years, once the reserves there are exhausted. The village has a local museum, which contains mostly Roman remains; but the most remarkable object is a Mycenaean stirrup-cup of buff with horizontal red stripes which is dated to the 12th or 11th century BC. All the exhibits were found locally.</p><br>
<p>Rajsamand Lake  is a lake near the town of Rajsamand in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Built in the 17th century, it is approximately 1.75 mi wide, 4 mi long and 60 ft deep. It was built across the Gomati, Kelwa, and Tali rivers, with a catchment area of approximately 196 square miles.</p><br>
<p>Rajsamand Lake is one of the five popular lakes of Mewar. Located 66 km in the north of Udaipur, Rajsamand Lake lies between the cities of Rajnagar and Kankroli. It is also known by the name of Rajsamudra Lake in Rajasthan.</p><br>
<p>The river Gomti is the main supplier of water to Rajsamand Lake. This was created by building an impressive dam in the 17th century. On the southern end of the lake, the huge embankment is composed of white marble. It has marble terraces and stone steps that touch the waters of the lake. There are five toranas (weighing arches) where Maharana Raj Singh and his descendants organized the annual event of Tuladan. (Kings used to weigh themselves in gold and then distribute it amongst the Brahmans.) This process of alms-giving was followed by Maharaja Raj Singh and his descendants.</p><br>
<p>Also on the embankment of the lake are nine pavilions or nauchowki (nine ghats), which were constructed by Maharana Raj Singh. These beautifully carved pavilions are festooned with pictures of the sun, chariots, gods, birds and detailed carvings. The history of Mewar is inscribed in 1017 stanzas, on 27 marble slabs, that are called the Raj Prasasti. It has been acclaimed as one of the longest etchings in India.</p><br>
<p>Rajsamand Lake was made the seaplane base of Imperial Airways during World War II, for over six years.</p><br>
<p>At sunset, the waters of the lake glitter with the startling light of the sun. However, the mining of marble in the catchment area in the last three decades has caused irreparable damage to the source of the water. The rain water is now diverted elsewhere and the lake remains mostly dry.</p><br>
<h2>List of lakes in India</h2><br>
<p>List of lakes in India</p><br>
<p>The Paul Revere House  was the colonial home of American patriot Paul Revere during the time of the American Revolution. A National Historic Landmark, it is located at 19 North Square, Boston, Massachusetts, in the city&#39;s North End, and is now operated as a nonprofit museum by the Paul Revere Memorial Association. An admission fee is charged.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original three-story house was built about 1680, making it the oldest house in downtown Boston. It occupied the former site of the Second Church of Boston&#39;s parsonage, home to Increase Mather and Cotton Mather, which was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1676. Its first owner was Robert Howard, a wealthy merchant. His L-shaped townhouse contained spacious rooms and would have been enhanced by exterior features such as a second-floor overhang and casement windows.</p><br>
<p>As is typical of early Massachusetts Bay timber construction, the main block of the three-story dwelling consisted of four structural bays demarcated by heavy framing posts and overhead beams. The larger ground-floor room in this main block was dominated by its chimney bay and adjoining lobby entrance. Although some contemporary Boston houses had separate kitchen buildings, the two-story extension behind the Revere House was typical. As the Revere House was set quite close to neighbors, its double casement windows were installed in the rear elevation rather than the more common placement in a gable.</p><br>
<p>Around the middle of the eighteenth century, the Paul Revere House went through two major renovations. First, the roofline facing the street was raised substantially to bring the house in line with the Georgian architectural style that had become prevalent at that time (the roofline was returned to its original pitch, albeit without a gable, by the restorers in 1907–1908, which gave rise to a commonly held misconception that the attic had been removed). Second, a two-story lean-to was added in the ell between the two 17th-century portions of the house (this lean-to was removed by the restoration in 1907–1908).</p><br>
<p>Paul Revere owned this house from 1770 to 1800, although he and his family may have lived elsewhere for periods in the 1780s and 1790s. It is believed that during the Revere occupancy the rear chimney was added (c. 1790) including the kitchen that visitors see in the first room they enter.</p><br>
<p>After Revere sold the house, it became a tenement with its ground floor remodeled for use as shops, including at various times a candy store, cigar factory, bank and vegetable and fruit business. In 1902, Revere&#39;s great-grandson, John P. Reynolds Jr. purchased the building to prevent demolition, and restoration took place under the guidance of architect and historic preservationist Joseph Chandler. In April 1908, the Paul Revere House opened its doors to the public as one of the earliest historic house museums in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Despite the substantial renovation process which returned the house to its conjectured appearance around 1700, ninety percent of the structure (including two doors, three window frames, and portions of the flooring, foundation, inner wall material and raftering) is original to 1680, though none of the window glass is original. Its heavy beams, large fireplaces, and absence of interior hallways are typical of colonial living arrangements. The two chambers upstairs contain several pieces of furniture believed to have belonged to the Revere family.</p><br>
<p>Immediately adjacent (across the entry courtyard, the original site of the John Barnard House) is the brick Pierce–Hichborn House, built about 1711 as an early Georgian house, and also operated as a nonprofit museum by the Paul Revere Memorial Association.</p><br>
<p>In December 2016 the Paul Revere Memorial Association opened a 3,500 square foot visitor and education center connected to the house by an elevated walkway. Purchased in 2007, $4 million in renovations allow the new education center to provide additional exhibit space on Revere&#39;s Midnight Ride, his work as a silversmith and his industrial work after the American Revolution. The renovations permit wheelchair users to access the second floor of the house for the first time while classrooms and a library will allow for expanded research and educational outreach.</p><br>
<p>The Pierce–Hichborn House  is an early Georgian house located at 19 North Square, Boston, Massachusetts. It is immediately adjacent to the Paul Revere House and is now operated as a nonprofit museum by the Paul Revere Memorial Association. An admission fee is charged.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Pierce–Hichborn House is three stories tall, faced in common-bond brickwork with decorative belt courses and large sash windows. Its narrow side elevation faces the street, with its main facade opening onto a compact private passageway. Inside it is laid out on each floor as a narrow central hallway and stairway with a single heated room to either side. Framing is oak and the trim is pine, including fireplace mantels. Originally each room had two front-facing windows and two side windows although later extensions to the side of the house farthest from the street eliminated those side windows. The house is not rectangular and its street-side corner is very sharp to take full advantage of the small urban lot.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land on which the house sites was once owned by William and Anne Hutchinson, famous for their role in the Antinomian Controversy. The original dwelling was probably destroyed in the 1711 Boston fire. The house is an excellent example of early Georgian architecture and one of the earliest surviving brick structures in Boston. It was built by glazier Moses Pierce, the grandson of John Jeffs, who built the neighboring Paul Revere House thirty years earlier. Even then the neighborhood was urban, and the house stood three doors down the square from the Revere House. William Shippard purchased the house in 1747. Nathaniel Hichborn, a boatbuilder and cousin of Paul Revere, acquired the house from Shippard in 1781. The Hutchinson family lived in the house until 1864. It became a tenement and store until the early 1940s.</p><br>
<p>In 1941, the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities bought the house at a bank auction. In 1949, descendants of Hichborn led an effort to restore the house. The house was named a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service on November 24, 1968. As per procedure, the house was also listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1970, ownership was turned over to the Paul Revere Memorial Association, who operate the house as a museum in conjunction with the Revere house.</p><br>
<p>Brilliant Pool is a hot spring in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Brilliant Pool is part of the Daisy Group and is interconnected with the Daisy and Splendid Geysers. Prior to an eruption by Daisy or Splendid, the pool is filled.</p><br>
<p>When Daisy erupts, the water level in Brilliant Pool drops a few inches then is refilled as Daisy refills.</p><br>
<p>A Splendid eruption has a larger effect on Brilliant Pool, dropping the level lower than a Daisy eruption. On occasion, Splendid will have a series of eruptions, preventing Brilliant Pool from refilling completely before the next eruption.</p><br>
<p>In the event of a sustained series of Splendid eruptions or a dual Daisy/Splendid eruption, the water level in Brilliant Pool may drop low enough that it will have its own eruptions. These eruptions are short, usually lasting a few seconds, spaced a few minutes apart. The size of the fountain can reach as much as 15 feet but usually just breaks the surface of the pool.</p><br>
<p>Most of the time, the two geysers influence the behavior of the pool. On occasion, however, the pool can have an effect on a geyser. In the early 1950s, Brilliant Pool experienced a phase where it was overflowing. During this time, Daisy was dormant until the pool returned to its normal behavior.</p><br>
<p>Sukhna Lake in Chandigarh, India, is a reservoir at the foothills  of the Himalayas. This 3 km² rainfed lake was created in 1958 by damming the Sukhna Choe, a seasonal stream coming down from the Shivalik Hills. Originally the seasonal flow entered the lake directly causing heavy siltation. To check the inflow of silt, 25.42 km² of land was acquired in the catchment area and put under vegetation. In 1974, the Choe was diverted and made to bypass the lake completely, the lake being fed by three siltation pots, minimising the entry of silt into the lake itself.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake was created by Le Corbusier and the Chief Engineer P L Verma. To preserve its tranquility, Corbusier insisted on two things: that it be forbidden for motor boats to circulate in the water, and for vehicular traffic to be prohibited on top of the dam (promenade). The lake is fringed by a golf course to the south, and Nek Chand&#39;s famous Rock Garden of Chandigarh to its west.</p><br>
<h2>Local lore</h2><br>
<p>Sukhna is an inseparable part of the city of Chandigarh. Le Corbusier had foreseen that the residents of the city would be drawn it for the care of the body and spirit. The city planners were deeply attached to the lake. So much so that Pierre Jeannerets ashes were immersed in the lake in 1970 at his nieces request.</p><br>
<p>The roof of the bandh or dam has become a favorite promenade. Serious walkers pursue an exercise regime, families enjoy an evening stroll and nature lovers mingle with children on roller skates. Photographers and painters love to capture its scenic beauty of the setting sun, or the heavily clouded monsoon sky, or the early morning mist in winter set amidst the tranquility of the lake. Even anglers do not leave unrewarded.</p><br>
<p>Sukhna has a membership-based Lake Club with lawns, a gym, indoor games, swimming pool and tennis courts with both synthetic and grass courts. Boating, rowing, sculling, sailing, kayaking and water skiing can be enjoyed throughout the year.</p><br>
<p>The lake, which was the venue for the Asian Rowing Championships, has the longest channel for rowing and yachting events in Asia. It also has facilities for other water sports like water surfing, skiing and sculling.</p><br>
<p>Sukhna is a sanctuary for many exotic migratory birds like the Siberian duck, storks and cranes, during the winter months. The lake has been declared as a protected national wetland by the Government of India.</p><br>
<p>During summers, there are streams of men, women and children from all walks of life offering voluntary service to desilt the lake bed for about three months. This annual ritual has been a regular feature since long ago.</p><br>
<p>Sukhna Lake is the venue for many festive celebrations, too. The most popular is the Mango Festival held during the monsoons when scores of varieties of mangoes are on display. From time-to-time, other food festivals featuring specialties from different Indian States are also held here, along with cultural performances.</p><br>
<h2>Development and maintenance</h2><br>
<p>The Mera Chandigarh administration has made a decision not to allow fish more than 30 cm in size in the Sukhna Lake</p><br>
<p>Chandigarh Administration has finalized a new plan for Sukhna Lake and New Lake in Sector 42 with Rs 2.73 crore which has also been received from Union Government.B.A.</p><br>
<h2>Problems</h2><br>
<p>The lake is facing serious issues like weed overgrowth, catchment adequacy and silting that are significantly shrinking its size and depth. A project team, under Parasu Ram Mishra, was deployed to address the issue and take remedial measures, which halted the sedimentation, for a while. Additionally, it has become the subject of litigation between the Chandigarh and Punjab.</p><br>
<p>Silting has taken its toll and the volume of the lake has been reduced to 56% of its original. The lake is shrinking rapidly due to siltation and lack of inflow. It was initially hoped that the work of desilting could be undertaken in summers at a war footing and dry dredging could be undertaken at a fraction of cost to save Sukhna in the coming years. Unfortunately, the ground realities seem to be different. Due to heavy rain in August and September Sukhna was filled up again and flood gates were being opened.</p><br>
<h2>Avian flu scare</h2><br>
<p>In December 2014, there was an Avian Influenza--or commonly known as Bird Flu scare-- that led to a temporary ban on the entry to the lake premises. The scare started after some migrant geese were found dead in the lake.</p><br>
<p>However, the administration took great precautions and the domesticated geese were culled to check an infection. A score of workers who culled the geese went for a check to be sure that they were safe. The reason behind the death of the geese-- whether there is bird flu scare-- remains unknown.</p><br>
<p>Comet Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Comet Geyser is part of the Daisy Group which includes Daisy Geyser, Splendid Geyser and Brilliant Pool. As opposed to the other features in this group, Comet erupts almost continuously. Every few minutes it surges to a height of 6 ft. This constant eruption has led to it having the biggest sinter cone of any of the geysers in this group.</p><br>
<p>Comet might be interconnected with Daisy and Splendid Geysers, albeit to a lesser degree than Brilliant Pool. After an eruption of Splendid and sometimes after Daisy, the action of Comet slows but quickly returns to its normal level.</p><br>
<p>Comet Geyser was named by the Hague Party in 1904.</p><br>
<p>Anemone Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Anemone is actually two closely related geysers. The larger of the two is known as Big or North Anemone while the smaller is known as Little or South Anemone. The two geysers were named after the anemone flower by the Hague Party in 1904. Both vents have a pale yellow color and shape similar to the flower.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Big Anemone has eruptions lasting 25 to 45 seconds every 6 to 10 minutes reaching a height of 6 to 8 ft. Water can be heard rising in the crater prior to eruption. After an eruption, the water quickly and noisily retreats into the crater.</p><br>
<p>Little Anemone has less vigorous but longer-lasting eruptions than Big Anemone. Interval between eruptions can vary from 6 to 35 minutes, and eruptions can last from less than a minute to more than 30 minutes. The fountain rarely reaches more than 4 ft in height, and on occasion the crater will fill with water then drain without erupting.</p><br>
<p>On occasion, Little Anemone has near non-stop activity. This causes Big Anemone to have very long intervals and weak eruptions. The Anemone geysers are also part of the weekly Geyser Hill wave, it increases and decreases their interval and duration over the course of a week or multiples of one week.</p><br>
<p>The Nathaniel Bowditch House, sometimes called the Bowditch-Osgood House and the Curwen-Ward-Bowditch House, is a historic house and National Historic Landmark at 9 North Street in Salem, Massachusetts. With a construction history apparently dating to 1759–60, the house is distinctive as having been owned by three families important in the maritime history of Salem. Its landmark designation in 1965 stems from its association with Nathaniel Bowditch , the founder of modern navigation, who lived here from 1811 to 1823. The house now serves as the headquarters of Historic Salem, Inc., which was responsible for its rescue from demolition and eventual restoration.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bowditch House is significant both architecturally and historically. It is a 3-1/2 story clapboarded house in the Federal style, five bays wide and two rooms deep, with a low-pitch hip roof. The building originally stood at 312 Essex Street, and was moved to its present location in the 1940s to avoid demolition as part of a road widening project. Its most elegant feature is its main entrance, which is centered on the front facade. The doorway is recessed from the facade in a paneled opening, and is flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a transom window. The opening is flanked by fluted pilasters with elaborately-carved capitals, supporting a flat-roofed architrave. The roof is surrounded by a "chinese balustrade", a restoration of a feature the house was known to have earlier.</p><br>
<p>Although long believed to have been built c. 1805, researchers in 2000 uncovered evidence within the papers of Samuel Curwen strongly suggestive that the house was actually built in 1759–60. Curwen&#39;s diary identifies plans to build a 2-1/2 story structure otherwise dimensionally identical to the Bowditch house, suggesting that the third story may have been the result of alterations in 1805, at which time its Federal styling would also have been added.</p><br>
<p>The Curwen or Corwin family has a long history in Salem, as shipbuilders, merchants, and businessmen. Samuel Curwen, the builder of this house, was a Loyalist who fled the country at the outset of the American Revolutionary War, and whose estate was plundered during his absence. The childless Curwen left the house to his nephew Samuel Curwen Ward, to whom a young Nathaniel Bowditch was apprenticed as a ship chandler. Ward lost the house to foreclosure in 1800, after which it was bought by a cousin, William Ward. He was a captain of several merchant ships, and was responsible for the alterations that gave the house its present appearance, including the "chinese balustrade" which was representative of his involvement in the China Trade. The woodwork involved in this transformation is now attributed to Salem&#39;s master carver, Samuel McIntire.</p><br>
<p>The Wards sold the house to Nathaniel Bowditch in 1811. Bowditch had by then already published is New American Practical Navigator, a major revision and update of an earlier British work that was riddled with errors. This work provided up-to-date information on tides, currents, and astronomical tables, and has served as the basis for modern navigational guides ever since. This house is one of three in Salem to survive (the other two are the house in which he was born, and a second childhood house). The Bowditches lived here until 1823, when they moved to Boston. The next significant owner of the house was Joseph B. F. Osgood, a prominent Salem lawyer who was city mayor during the American Civil War. His family owned the house from 1858 to 1911. It thereafter was subdivided into apartments, and went through a succession of owners.</p><br>
<p>Plans by the city to widen North Street threatened the Bowditch House and the adjacent Corwin "Witch House". Concerned preservationists in the community formed Historic Salem, Inc. (HSI), in order to preserve them. The Bowditch House was moved to its present location in 1944, and the Witch House was moved within its lot to accommodate the widened road. It is believed that the original foundation of the Bowditch house may survive under the lawn of the Witch House. HSI restored the Witch House, but not the Bowditch House, which was taken over by the city in the 1960s for town offices. It was returned to HSI in 2000, and given a complete restoration.</p><br>
<p>The Nathaniel Bowditch House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<p>Capon Chapel, also historically known as Capon Baptist Chapel and Capon Chapel Church, is a mid-19th century United Methodist church located near to the town of Capon Bridge, West Virginia in the United States. Capon Chapel is one of the oldest existing log churches in Hampshire County, along with Mount Bethel Church and Old Pine Church.</p><br>
<p>A Baptist congregation was gathering at the site of the present-day church by at least 1756. Primitive Baptist minister John Monroe (1750–1824) is credited for establishing a place of worship at this site; he is interred in the church&#39;s cemetery. The land on which Capon Chapel was built originally belonged to William C. Nixon (1789–1869), a member of the Virginia House of Delegates; later, it was transferred to the Pugh family. The first documented mention of a church at the Capon Chapel site was in March 1852, when Joseph Pugh allocated the land to three trustees for the construction of a church and cemetery.</p><br>
<p>During the early years of Capon Chapel, no Protestant denomination was the exclusive owner or occupant, and the church was probably utilized as a "union church" for worship by any Christian denomination. Capon Chapel was used as a place of worship by Baptists until the late 19th or early 20th century. In the 1890s, Capon Chapel was added as a place of worship on the Capon Bridge Methodist circuit of the Southern Methodist Episcopal Church. As of 2017, Capon Chapel remains a Methodist church, now a part of the United Methodist Church, holding Methodist services 4 Sundays a month at 1pm. Open table communion is held on the 1st Sunday of each month.</p><br>
<p>The church has opened a daily devotion line; anyone can call 304-856-1040 for a short uplifting daily message.</p><br>
<p>Capon Chapel&#39;s cemetery is surrounded by a wrought iron fence made by Stewart Iron Works, and contains the remains of John Monroe, William C. Nixon, West Virginia House of Delegates member Captain David Pugh (1806–1899), American Civil War veterans from the Union and the Confederacy, and free and enslaved African Americans. Capon Chapel, along with its cemetery, was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 12, 2012, in recognition of its representation of the rural religious architecture of the Potomac Highlands region, and for its service as an important rural church in Hampshire County.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and setting</h2><br>
<p>Capon Chapel and its associated cemetery are located to the east Christian Church Road (West Virginia Secondary Route 13), approximately 2.01 mi south of Capon Bridge and 1.14 mi northeast of the unincorporated community of Bubbling Spring in southeastern Hampshire County. Capon Chapel is 894 ft east of the Cacapon River, in a rural agricultural area within the Cacapon River Valley. Dillons Mountain, a forested and narrow anticlinal mountain ridge, rises to the west of the Cacapon River Valley, while the forested, rolling foothills of the anticlinal Timber Ridge rise to the valley&#39;s east.</p><br>
<p>The church and cemetery are accessible through a gravel driveway to the north; to the west, a cluster of tall oak trees blocks access to the road. Capon Chapel is landscaped with boxwoods on its north and south sides, a single holly on its east side, and forsythias along its west side. The Capon Chapel property consists of the church structure (c. 1852), and its associated cemetery, which is enclosed partly by the historic wrought iron fence and partly by a chain link fence. A flagpole stands at the center of the cemetery&#39;s eastern perimeter.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>The land upon which Capon Chapel is located was originally part of the Northern Neck Proprietary, a land grant that the exiled Charles II awarded to seven of his supporters in 1649 during the English Interregnum. Following the Restoration in 1660, Charles II finally ascended to the English throne. Charles II renewed the Northern Neck Proprietary grant in 1662, revised it in 1669, and again renewed the original grant favoring original grantee Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper and Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington in 1672. In 1681, Bennet sold his share to Lord Colepeper, and Lord Colepeper received a new charter for the entire land grant from James II in 1688. Following the deaths of Lord Colepeper, his wife Margaret, and his daughter Katherine, the Northern Neck Proprietary passed to Katherine&#39;s son Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron in 1719.</p><br>
<p>Under Lord Fairfax&#39;s ownership, the Cacapon River Valley was predominantly inhabited by English-speaking settlers as early as the late 1730s. The majority of these settlers had come from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, many of whom were either Quakers or former Quakers who were attracted to the Baptist and Methodist denominations.</p><br>
<h3>Baptist affiliation</h3><br>
<p>The Baptists established the oldest extant churches in Hampshire County. During the Baptists early growth in Hampshire County, the best known Baptist ministers were John Monroe (1750–1824) and Benjamin Stone (1743–1842). According to historians Hu Maxwell and Howard Llewellyn Swisher in History of Hampshire County, West Virginia (1897), Monroe was a minister for Primitive Baptists, who were adherent to a strict interpretation of the Calvinist theology of the Ketocton Association. Monroe probably established a Baptist church on the site of the present-day Capon Chapel, where he is buried in the churchs cemetery. However, other sources claim that a Baptist congregation began gathering at the Capon Chapel site as early as 1756.</p><br>
<p>Increased settlement and the arrival of other religious denominations in the Cacapon River Valley were further facilitated following the completion of the Northwestern Turnpike in the 1830s, which connected Parkersburg with Winchester. A small community began to develop near the turnpikes Cacapon River crossing, 2.01 mi north of Capon Chapels present-day location. The community later became the town of Capon Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The land on which Capon Chapel was built belonged to William C. Nixon (1789–1869), a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. Nixons mother-in-law, Elizabeth Caudy (1773–1816), was the first person to be buried in the churchs cemetery. While various sources estimate that Capon Chapel was built around the 1750s, there is no physical or documentary evidence to support this claim. The first documented mention of a church at the Capon Chapel site was in March 1852, when Joseph Pugh allocated 88 and one-half poles, or approximately 0.55 acres, to three trustees: David Pugh, another David Pugh, and Robert Pugh. The Pugh family, which was of Welsh descent, were early settlers in the Cacapon River Valley, and were one of the families that came from Wales through Pennsylvania in the late 17th century. The grants deed told the trustees to conceive "a Graveyard and for a house for the Public Worship of Almighty God for the use of all orthodox Christians", and specified that the land was only to be used for religious worship and "for no other purpose". The deed further stipulated that inheritors of the land had to be Pughs descendants.</p><br>
<p>During the church&#39;s early years, no Protestant denomination was the exclusive owner or occupant of Capon Chapel, which indicates that the church was probably utilized as a "union church" for worship by any Christian denomination.</p><br>
<h3>Methodist affiliation</h3><br>
<p>In addition to the Baptist faith, Methodists started coming to the Cacapon River Valley during the latter half of the 18th century. Methodist Episcopal Church circuit rider Francis Asbury traveled through the Capon Bridge area in 1781. Capon Chapel was not commonly used as a Baptist place of worship by the early 20th century, and developed into a permanent stop along the Capon Bridge Methodist circuit, which later grew to include Central Church at Loom and Bethel Church at Neals Run. In 1976, the circuit&#39;s pastor was Thomas Malcolm.</p><br>
<p>Capon Chapel remains a Methodist church, now a part of the United Methodist Church. As of 2015, Capon Chapels congregation numbers five. The churchs Methodist circuit pastor is M. Christopher Duckworth; and it offers services four Sundays a month. A small group of committed congregants maintain the historic church and cemetery grounds. Brenda Hiett is the church&#39;s caretaker, as of 2015. Throughout its existence, Capon Chapel has been known by various names, including "Capon Baptist Chapel" and "Capon Chapel Church".</p><br>
<h3>Preservation</h3><br>
<p>According to the churchs caretaker, Brenda Hiett, the churchs roof and siding were installed around 1900. A wrought iron fence, made by Stewart Iron Works in Cincinnati, Ohio, was installed around the churchs cemetery. Electrical conduits were added to the interior of the church when it was electrified around 1930, and further electrical updates were made in 2011. The churchs perimeter foundation of concrete blocks replaced the original stone piers in the early 1970s, and its wide, heart pine plank floors were sanded and re-lacquered. Around 1990, the Stewart Iron Works fence and gate were restored by White’s Ornamental Ironworks.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, following surveys of historic properties throughout the county, the Hampshire County Historic Landmarks Commission and the Hampshire County Commission embarked upon an initiative to place structures and districts on the National Register of Historic Places. The county received funding for the surveys from the State Historic Preservation Office of the West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Capon Chapel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 12, 2012, in recognition of its representation of the rural religious architecture of the Potomac Highlands region, and for its service as an important rural church in Hampshire County.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Capon Chapel is a single-story, rectangular, front gable log building, covered with white-painted wooden clapboard siding, and topped with a green standing seam metal roof, along with metal snow guards.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The churchs main façade is located on its east side, facing toward Timber Ridge, and away from the Cacapon River and Christian Church Road. The east side consists of a front gable façade of white-painted clapboard siding. The church has one entryway, which is a centrally-located, four-paneled wooden door, topped by wooden dentil molding and a rectangular, four-light transom window. The transom is the only window on the churchs east side. Unpainted wooden railings are on each side of the entryway. The clapboard siding on the churchs east side is horizontal, and varies between 5 and in width. The overhanging eave of the churchs roof is accentuated by a single wooden drop pendant at the top of the gable. The modern electricity meter is located to the right of the main entrance. The non-loadbearing concrete block perimeter wall on this side is concealed by a stone veneer.</p><br>
<p>The west elevation is covered with white-painted clapboarding and is undecorated, with the exception of an off-center concrete block chimney and a single drop pendant similar to the one located at the top of the gable.</p><br>
<p>The churchs north and south sides consist of two symmetrically placed six-over-six double-hung sash wooden windows, along with operable green-painted louvered wooden window shutters. The clapboard sidings vary between 3 and in width. At the base of the churchs north side, concrete blocks are visible under the foundation. On the churchs south side, a small strip of the roofs eave confirms the original location of the chimney.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior of the church consists of a large, open floor plan, with wooden pews lined perpendicular to the north and south sides, thus creating a central aisle. The altar is a small wooden pulpit, which serves as a lectern that is accessible by a small wooden step; the altar is accented by a large wooden backdrop of casing with dentil molding. Each of the churchs interior walls is covered with pine wainscot panelling and wallpaper, and topped with wooden crown molding. Wooden swag moldings accentuate the four symmetrically-placed six-over-six double-hung sash wooden windows, the doorways wooden casing, and the transom window. The wooden pews are simple, with cushions added for comfortable seating. The original ceiling is obscured by a dropped ceiling, which also conceals the electrical conduits for the churchs brass chandeliers. Prior to the churchs electrification, kerosene lanterns were used for light, and the lanterns remain in the church for decorative purposes. The churchs floor consists of the original heart pine planks. Concrete blocks and cut stone border the buildings perimeter to prevent animals from entering the church&#39;s crawl space. Within the crawl space, log carrier beams support the building, on which the bark remains extant.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery is less than an acre in size and is located to the immediate east of the church, surrounded by a wrought iron fence manufactured by Stewart Iron Works. Gertrude Ward (1896–1988), a local historian and orchardist, is also interred in the cemetery. Captain David Pugh was an elected representative Hampshire County, who voted to secede from the Union in 1861.</p><br>
<p>Older gravestones in the cemetery are generally cut from limestone, and the gravestones placed after 1900 are predominantly made of polished granite. Most of the gravestones have weathered significantly. The gravestones are generally rounded or rectangular in shape, and are placed on small stone foundations. The gravestones of prominent local leaders are more ornate in character, including that of Captain David Pugh and his family, who are buried under a large obelisk that lists the names of his three wives and their respective children. Nixons gravestone is deteriorating due to advanced weathering; it is made of limestone and contains a carving of an open book. Following the purchase of a rectangular land tract around 1990, the cemetery was expanded on the east side. This section of the cemetery is excluded from the churchs historically-recognized boundaries, as it was not associated with the church during the period of its greatest significance.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery perimeter is lined on three sides by a cast wrought iron fence, accessible by a gate 3 ft in width at its western entryway.</p><br>
<p>The Grave Creek Mound in the Ohio River Valley in West Virginia is one of the largest conical-type burial mounds in the United States, standing 62 ft high and 240 ft in diameter. The builders of the site, members of the Adena culture, moved more than 60,000 tons of dirt to create it about 250–150 BC.</p><br>
<p>Present-day Moundsville has developed around it near the banks of the Ohio River. The first recorded excavation of the mound took place in 1838, and was conducted by local amateurs. The largest surviving mound among those built by the Adena, this was designated a National Historic Landmark in the mid-20th century.</p><br>
<p>In 1978 the state opened the Delf Norona Museum at the site. It displays numerous artifacts and interprets the ancient Adena Culture. In 2010, under an agreement with the state, the US Army Corps of Engineers gave nearly 450,000 artifacts to the museum for archival. These were recovered in archeological excavations at the site of the Marmet Lock, and represent 10,000 years of indigenous habitation in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Grave Creek Mound is the largest conical type of any of the mound builder structures. Construction of the earthwork mound took place in successive stages from about 250–150 B.C., as indicated by the multiple burials at different levels within the structures. In 1838, road engineers measured its height at 69 ft and its base as 295 ft.</p><br>
<p>Originally a moat of about 40 ft in width and 5 ft in depth, with one causeway across it, encircled the mound for defensive purposes. Inside the mound, archaeological researchers have discovered Adena Hopewell remains and ornaments. In addition, they discovered a small sandstone tablet, the Grave Creek Stone, which modern scholars believe to be a hoax.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Grave Creek mound was created during the Woodland time period (late Adena Period around 1000 BC to about 1 AD). The people who lived in West Virginia during this time are among those groups classified as Mound Builders. This particular tumulus or burial mound was built in successive stages over a period of a hundred years.</p><br>
<p>The Grave Creek Mound was believed first seen by a European American in 1770, when Joseph Tomlinson and his brother built a log cabin at Grave Creek Flats. Joseph discovered the mound accidentally while hunting. Two years later, he built a cabin for his family 300 ft from the mound. This was 33 years before Merriwether Lewis wrote about the mound in his journal; he saw it in 1803 on his way to meet William Clark in Louisville, Kentucky on their expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase.</p><br>
<p>About 1830, Tomlinson&#39;s descendant, Jesse Tomlinson, and his partner Thomas Briggs made tunnels through the mound and found two rooms. One was a burial chamber in the center of the mound and another room was nearby. The tunnels they made destroyed valuable evidence that could have been used by researchers to compare with data from other mounds. The rooms contained skeletons adorned with jewelry. Some of the jewelry found were 1700 ivory beads, 500 sea shells, and five copper bracelets. Once the mound was completely excavated, Tomlinson opened up a museum inside the mound and charged an admission fee for visitors. In 1843, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, an early ethnologist of Native Americans, mapped the area. He later was appointed as the US Indian Agent along the northern frontier and based in Michigan.</p><br>
<p>In 1908 the mound was saved from demolition for development by local women of the Wheeling Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, who raised funds to acquire an option on the property. In 1909 the state of West Virginia purchased the site for preservation. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>Further archeological investigation led to the discovery that the appearance of the earth of the mound is quite different underneath the surface compared to the land around it. Although it was built of the same dirt, the remains of dead bodies that were burned changed the color of some dirt to blue.</p><br>
<h2>Delf Norona Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Delf Norona Museum displays many artifacts found at the site. It is owned and operated by the West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Opened in 1978, the museum has exhibits that interpret the culture of the Adena people and theories about how the mound was constructed.</p><br>
<p>In the 21st century, the USA Army Corps of Engineers transferred nearly 450,000 artifacts to the Delf Norona Museum for curation and archival. They were recovered during the 1990s in an extended archeological excavation for the replacement site of the Marmet Lock on the Kanawha River. The artifacts, representing 10,000 years of habitation by varying cultures at one site in the Kanawha Valley, include stone projectile knives, a 3,000-year-old sandstone cooking bowl hand carved before the people started making pottery, and stone jewelry from a Fort Ancient village.</p><br>
<p>In April 2010, the state mounted two exhibits of artifacts from the site at the rotunda of the state capitol in Charleston. The exhibits included historic items dating from the John Reynolds plantation, including pendants made by slaves from 1790s Spanish coins, and material related to colonial salt production. The major part of the exhibit is made up of prehistoric artifacts of Native American peoples, whose occupation of the valley continued for thousands of years, much longer than the brief settlement of European Americans. Additional exhibits will be mounted as the state&#39;s Office of Culture and History has an opportunity to assess the artifacts. The Native American artifacts will be kept at the Delf Norona Museum.</p><br>
<p>The museum is open year-round and admission is free. A gift shop sells books related to indigenous cultures, as well as Native American crafts, trinkets, and other souvenirs.</p><br>
<p>Kuraman Island , is an island in Labuan, Malaysia. It is sparsely populated and is popular with expatriates, divers and those who travel between Labuan and Brunei. Its land area measures 147 hectares. Together with the much smaller islands Pulau Rusukan Besar and Pulau Rusukan Kecil it forms the Labuan Marine Park.</p><br>
<p>Kuraman island has two main beaches and is noted for its fishing, large sand spit and pleasant tropical island atmosphere. The interior is forested with a range of timbers and contains cleared paths for jungle walks. In recent years, large storms have contributed to increased erosion resulting in several areas of vegetation and numerous buildings being washed into the sea.</p><br>
<p>In the surrounding waters off Kuraman there are several known shipwrecks including the Dutch Steamer SS De Klerk and a minesweeper, the USS Salute, both sunk during the Second World War. Kuraman, like the rest of North Borneo, was captured by the Japanese during this period and was liberated by the Australian Army in 1945, although no fighting ever occurred on the island. Two other major shipwrecks can be found in the area: the MV Tung Hwuang, a freighter that sank in the 1980s while transporting cement to Brunei for the Sultan&#39;s new palace, and the MV Mabini Padre, a trawler from the Philippines which caught fire and sank in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Kuraman has no roads or vehicles and it can only be reached by boat. There is a small private jetty and a new larger government pier which assist in providing access. A lighthouse, built by the British in 1897, is situated on the highest point of the island. Kuraman is populated by predominantly illegal immigrants from the Philippines, who claim to be a local Malay community, with a small village that includes a bar which serves food and is locally known for its fried chicken. Basic accommodation is also available, with small shacks available for rent.</p><br>
<p>In 2004 a group of expatriates from Brunei contemplated building a bar/clubhouse for divers, however nothing resulted from this due to various legal complications. Apparently in a tongue-in-cheek manner, this same group then announced plans to develop the island and declare independence or greater self-government, stating a perceived dubious Malaysian claim to the island resulting from a conflicting historic Bruneian claim to Kuraman and its surrounding islands. This went as far as designing a flag for the island, similar to the many unofficial flags which have originated in varying areas around the globe. This was taken lightheartedly in both Labuan and Brunei and could be looked upon as a form of micronationalism.</p><br>
<p>The Rabaul caldera, or Rabaul Volcano, is a large volcano on the tip of the Gazelle Peninsula in East New Britain, Papua New Guinea, and derives its name from the town of Rabaul inside the caldera. The caldera has many sub-vents, Tavurvur being the most well known for its devastating eruptions over Rabaul. The outer flanks of the highest peak, a 688-metre-high asymmetrical pyroclastic shield, are formed by thick pyroclastic flow deposits. There is no sign of a pyroclastic shield along the rim of the caldera, making the location likely underwater, on the caldera&#39;s floor.</p><br>
<p>Tavurvur, a stratovolcano and a sub-vent of the caldera, is the most visibly active, continuously throwing ash. In 1994 it, and nearby Vulcan, erupted and devastated Rabaul; however, due to planning for such a catastrophe, the townsfolk were prepared and only five people were killed. One of the deaths was caused by lightning, a feature of volcanic ash clouds.</p><br>
<p>In 1937, Vulcan and Tavurvur erupted simultaneously, killing 507 people. This event led to the founding of the, which watches over the many active volcanoes on Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<p>One eruption over several days in March 2008 released a plume of ash and water vapor that drifted northwest over the Bismarck Sea.</p><br>
<h2>Subsidiary features</h2><br>
<p>Stratovolcanoes</p><br>
<p>Tavurvur - 223 meters (732 feet) 4.239&deg;S latitude, 152.21&deg;E longitude</p><br>
<p>Rabalanakaia - 88 meters (289 feet) 4.217&deg;S latitude, 152.197&deg;E longitude</p><br>
<p>Pumice cones</p><br>
<p>Vulcan - 243 meters (797 feet) 4.271&deg;S latitude, 152.17&deg;E longitude</p><br>
<h2>Eruptions</h2><br>
<p>535 AD: There is evidence of a large eruption at Rabaul, that may be the event recorded in chronicles of the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I as ruining the climate and helping to bring on the Middle Ages. But it is not certain, as there are other possible culprits, including Ilopango in El Salvador in Central America.</p><br>
<p>683 AD ± 2 years: There was a VEI force 6 eruption at Rabaul, proved by corrected radiocarbon; there is an opinion that that eruption formed the Rabaul Caldera sea-inlet.</p><br>
<p>1878: Vulcan cone nearby was formed during a large eruption in 1878.</p><br>
<p>1937: Tavurvur and Vulcan erupted, killing 508 people. For more information, see Rabaul#Rabaul (Tavurvur) volcano: 1937 eruption.</p><br>
<p>1950s: A government vulcanological observatory was established on the northern ridge of Rabaul caldera.</p><br>
<p>19 September 1994: Tavurvur and Vulcan erupted, destroying Rabaul airport and covering most of Rabaul town with heavy ashfall. Vulcan has remained quiet since. For more information see Rabaul#1994 eruption.</p><br>
<p>1994 to 1995: Last eruptions of Vulcan.</p><br>
<p>7 October 2006: Tavurvur erupted again, and an initial blast broke windows up to 12 kilometers away and sent an ash plume 18 km into the stratosphere. Winds blew most of the ash away from Rabaul.</p><br>
<p>2009: An eruption of Tavurvur was filmed by a BBC crew for the three-part nature documentary series Lost Land of the Volcano produced by the BBC Natural History Unit. The programme also looked at the wildlife living around the volcano and in its ash field, including brahminy kites, rhinoceros beetles, megapode birds and land crabs.</p><br>
<p>1 January to 8 April 2010 (BGVN 35:02): Tavurvur was quiet.</p><br>
<h3>July 2010 eruptions</h3><br>
<p>23 July 2010: Eruptions at Tavurvur volcano resumed after nearly seven months without ash emissions.</p><br>
<p>2–8 April 2010: Seismicity was low and variable amounts of white vapor rose from Tavurvur cone.</p><br>
<p>9 April 2010: The Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO) reported that deformation measurements at Rabaul caldera during the previous 3–4 months had shown an inflationary trend with a total of 4 cm of uplift.</p><br>
<p>22 July 2010: RVO detected increased seismicity (likely beneath Tavurvur cone), as a few small hybrid earthquakes, followed by small low-frequency earthquakes, then continuous volcanic tremor starting at time 1034.</p><br>
<p>23 July 2010: Tavurvur cone erupted, starting at time 1300. The eruption began with discharge of diffuse white plumes, followed by pink-gray fumes with low ash content. A strong odor of hydrogen sulfide was noted, and a diffuse cloud rose 1 km and drifted NW. A few hours later, observers saw billowing gray clouds, accompanied by roaring and rumbling noises. Ashfall was reported in areas to the cone&#39;s NW and NNW.</p><br>
<p>23–26 July 2010: RVO reported that seismicity was variable. Ash emissions and ashfall continued in areas to the northwest. Visibility remained poor in Rabaul town (3–5 km NW of Tavurvur) due to ash made airborne by moving vehicles. Ash emissions ceased on 25 July. Later that day and into 26 July only diffuse brown-tinted vapor plumes were emitted and seismicity was very low.</p><br>
<p>After this eruption, GPS data showed deflation of Tavurvur cone. Seismicity was very low, and diffuse white plumes were emitted during 26–30 July.</p><br>
<h3>2013-14 eruptions</h3><br>
<p>January 2013: Tavurvur began to smolder.</p><br>
<p>March 2014: Tavurvur became quiet.</p><br>
<p>August 2014: Tavurvur woke and smoldered.</p><br>
<p>29 August 2014: Tavurvur started a VEI 3 eruption, around 3:30–4:00 AM local time (28 August 2014, 17:30–18:00 UTC) prompting concerns over disruption of flights in Australian airspace due to the large ash clouds (up to 50,000 feet, or 15 km). Communities near the volcano were evacuated, while residents of the town of Rabaul were advised to remain indoors to avoid falling ash, according to a statement from Australia&#39;s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. The VEI of this eruption was 3^4.</p><br>
<p>The South East Cape is a cape located at the southernmost point of the main island of Tasmania, the southernmost state of Australia. The cape is situated in the southern and south-eastern corner of the Southwest National Park, part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, approximately 94 km southwest of Hobart in Tasmania, and about 65 km east and a little south of the South West Cape.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>South East Cape is the southernmost point of the mainland of Tasmania, but not of the state of Tasmania. The Maatsuyker Islands and the Pedra Branca island group, just offshore, are also part of the state of Tasmania, and lie further south than South East Cape. The state of Tasmania also includes Macquarie Island, which is about 1,600 km SE of South East Cape.</p><br>
<p>South East Cape is one of the five southernmost capes that can be rounded by Southern Ocean sailors.</p><br>
<p>The cape is also a reference point for sectors of the southern coastline of Tasmania. Much sea traffic passes near it, and many ships and boats have been wrecked or grounded there.</p><br>
<p>The Salado River  is a river that crosses several provinces of Argentina, flowing 1,150 km from its source in the Salta Province to end in the Paraná River, in the Santa Fe Province. Because its origin, its flow varies widely within the year, and it can dry out in some parts of its path during the winter. The only important tributary to the river is the Horcones River, which is born in Salta as Cajón River, and joins the Salado in the Santiago del Estero Province.</p><br>
<h2>Higher Salado</h2><br>
<p>The Salado originates on the eastern edge of the Altiplano under the name of Juramento River at the Andes range, from thaw and captured precipitations of the 6,500 m high Acay and Cachi mountains in the Salta Province, near Catamarca Province. The Cabra Corral Dam regulates its flow, and deviates some of it for irrigation.</p><br>
<p>When the river enters the Gran Chaco plains it forms several arms in a broad riverbed only partially occupied.</p><br>
<h2>Santiago del Estero</h2><br>
<p>The river then enters the Santiago del Estero Province from the north, near the border with the Tucumán Province, receiving the name of Salado. The Salado and the Dulce River ("Sweet River") south to it, run diagonally in direction south-east, and are the most important rivers to cross the arid lands of Santiago del Estero, being the economic and demographic axis of the province.</p><br>
<p>The flow of the river is regulated in the Figueroa Department by the Los Figueroa Reservoir, and by a Derivation Dam (Dique Derivador) that re-routes part of its waters to irrigation canals of up to 200 km long. Further downstream, the river forms wide marsh wetlands and areas flooded seasonally, during the summer&#39;s major high waters. Downstream of the Añatuya marshlands the streamflow is greatly reduced, rendering the river dry most of the year.</p><br>
<h2>Lower Salado</h2><br>
<p>After a course of 800 km inside Santiago del Estero, the river reaches the Santa Fe Province as Salado del Norte ("Northern Salty") to finally join the Paraná River in that province, being the last important tributary to the Paraná.</p><br>
<p>The more abundant rainfall in Santa Fe Province causes the Salado&#39;s discharge to increase. During rainy summers, the river can overflow its riverbed producing floods. A 2003 flood severely affected the city of Santa Fe.</p><br>
<p>The Salado debouches into the Paraná River southeast of Santa Fe City, in a flooding area with lagoons.</p><br>
<h2>Other Argentine rivers called Salado</h2><br>
<p>There are other, less important Salado rivers in Argentina, the most important of them being:</p><br>
<p>In Buenos Aires Province, the Río Salado starts at the El Chañar lagoon and runs houtheast some 650 km to the Samborombón Bay.</p><br>
<p>In Mendoza Province, San Luis Province and La Pampa Province, the Desaguadero-Salado runs down to the Colorado River.</p><br>
<p>In Catamarca Province and La Rioja Province, the local Colorado river is also referred to as Salado River (La Rioja).</p><br>
<p>Testaccio is the 20th rione of Rome, deriving its name from Monte Testaccio. It is located in the city&#39;s Municipio I.</p><br>
<p>In antiquity, much of the Tiber River trade took place here, and the remains of broken clay vessels (amphorae) were stacked creating the artificial Testaccio hill, which today is a source of much archeological evidence as to the history of ancient everyday Roman life. The rione seal depicts one of these amphorae. In modern times, the area has been a center of activity for butchers. Testaccio was one of Rome’s traditional working class neighbourhoods, but the recent process of gentrification has changed its reputation from hard-at-work to "hipster". The neighborhood is home to several of Rome&#39;s culinary highlights. Testaccio&#39;s reputation among tourists is expanding.</p><br>
<h2>Famous residents</h2><br>
<p>*Elsa Morante (1912–1985), writer</p><br>
<p>*Luigi Di Biagio, Serie A footballer</p><br>
<p>*Claudio Ranieri, Serie A coach, born in Testaccio</p><br>
<p>*Enrico Letta, Italian politician</p><br>
<p>*Giuliano Ferrara, journalist and opinion maker</p><br>
<p>*Rachel Roddy, writer</p><br>
<h2>Places of interest</h2><br>
<p>*Monte Testaccio</p><br>
<p>*Protestant Cemetery</p><br>
<p>*Porta San Paolo</p><br>
<p>*Chiesa di Santa Maria Liberatrice</p><br>
<p>*Pyramid of Cestius</p><br>
<p>*Porticus Aemilia</p><br>
<p>*Fontana delle Anfore</p><br>
<p>*Ex Mattatoio</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Testaccio has a public library, Enzo Tortora, and a biblioteca federata, Biblioteca della Scuola popolare di musica Testaccio.</p><br>
<p>Fischland-Darß-Zingst or Fischland-Darss-Zingst is a 45 km long peninsula in the coastal district of Vorpommern-Rügen, in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The three parts of the peninsula, from west to east, are Fischland , Darß and Zingst .</p><br>
<p>There are six villages on the peninsula - Wustrow, Ahrenshoop, Born, Wieck, Prerow and Zingst. Between the peninsula and the mainland there is a very shallow lagoon (Low German: bodden), which is part of the Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park, together with the peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In historical times, the main part of Fischland as well as the Darß and the Zingst were islands. They became permanently joined to the mainland as a result of humans sealing the floodwater channels between the 14th and 19th centuries.</p><br>
<p>During the 1872 Baltic Sea flood, which inundated Prerow on the Darß, the Prerower Strom, that had hitherto separated the island of Zingst from Darß, silted up. In 1874 the Prerow-Strom was finally filled in and sealed with a dyke; Zingst thus became a peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The eastern part of the Zingst peninsula and the middle of the Darß are part of the West Pomeranian Lagoon Area National Park.</p><br>
<p>The Arlington Street Church is a Unitarian Universalist church across from the Public Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. Because of its geographic prominence and the notable ministers who have served the congregation, the church is considered to be among the most historically important in American Unitarianism and Unitarian Universalism. Completed in 1861, it was designed by Arthur Gilman and Gridley James Fox Bryant to resemble James Gibbs&#39; St. Martin-in-the-Fields in London. The main sanctuary space has 16 large-scale stained-glass windows installed by Tiffany Studios from 1899 to 1929.</p><br>
<p>On May 17, 2004, the Arlington Street Church was the site of the first state-sanctioned same-sex marriage in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History of the congregation</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1729 as the "Church of the Presbyterian Strangers" and became independent in 1787, incorporating under a congregational model of polity. Until the Back Bay location was completed, the congregation was located in the Federal Street Church in downtown Boston, where William Ellery Channing, the first major American Unitarian minister, preached from 1803 to 1842. Two future presidents of the American Unitarian Association—Samuel Eliot and Dana Greeley—served the church during its first hundred years in the Arlington Street building. In 1935, the Second Universalist Church of Boston merged its assets with Arlington Street Church. In so doing, Arlington Street Church inherited the thinking of two great liberal theologians: Channing, called "the father of American Unitarianism," and Hosea Ballou, called "the father of American Universalism."</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, the congregation became active in the Civil Rights Movement. James Reeb, a minister active in the congregation, was murdered during a march in Selma, Alabama. Under the ministry of Jack Mendelsohn, the church became a center for protests against the Vietnam War. In the 1980s, the church led AIDS awareness programs and support for the homeless. In 2004, Reverend Kim K. Crawford Harvie officiated the first legal state-sanctioned same-sex marriage in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Arlington Street church building</h2><br>
<p>As the population of Boston grew and land became scarce, landfilled areas were created in the North End, South End, and finally the Back Bay during the 1850s. When the area around Federal Street became commercial, the congregation voted to move to newly filled land in the Back Bay neighborhood. Arlington Street Church was the first public building to be constructed there.</p><br>
<p>The building is supported by 999 wooden pilings driven into the mud of Back Bay, and brownstone ashlar for its exterior was quarried in New Jersey. The bell tower stands 190 feet (58 meters) tall and contains a set of 16 bells, each with a Biblical inscription. It is one of only four sets in the city of Boston still rung by hand. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and designated a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Landscaping for the church was designed by Mabel Keyes Babcock.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The sanctuary, with its Corinthian columns and graceful rounded arches, was modeled after the Basilica della Santissima Annunziata del Vastato in Genoa, Italy. The panels on either side of the choir loft, containing the Ten Commandments and the Lord’s Prayer, were brought from the Federal Street Church, as was Dr. William Ellery Channing’s pulpit, which stands in the Hunnewell Chapel. The box pews, made of chestnut with black walnut rails, were at one time deeded to members of the congregation. Enclosing each pew signified that they were privately owned, and also kept cold drafts from blowing in from the aisles during the winter season.</p><br>
<p>Originally, all of the sanctuary windows were glazed with clear glass. In 1898, the congregation voted to start installation of memorial stained glass windows created by the studios of Louis C. Tiffany, and commissioned a set of designs for all 20 windows. The last of 16 Tiffany windows was installed in 1929, just before the Great Depression dried up available funds.</p><br>
<p>The Tiffany windows were designed by Frederick Wilson (1858–1932), Tiffanys chief designer for ecclesiastical windows. He made extensive use of Tiffanys special glassmaking technologies, including confetti glass, iridescent glass, 3D-textured "drapery glass", pastel colors for "painting in glass", and the trademark opalescent “Favrile” glass. There are as many as six or seven layers of glass in a Tiffany window, producing visual textures that would otherwise have to be painted in. Only some fine details impractical to produce in glass were hand-painted, in permanent enamel.</p><br>
<p>After vandalism destroyed a memorial dedication pane in the 1970s, plexiglas sheets were installed on the exterior side of the Tiffany windows for protection. Over time, the plastic discolored to a bluish tinge and transmitted less light, as an accumulated film of dirt also clouded the stained glass. In the 21st century, the plastic sheets have been replaced, and the glass has been cleaned to restore its original beauty. In 2015, $120,000 in funds was raised to begin restoration of the Tiffany windows. Guided tours and self-guided tours (with optional smartphone audio) are available, as well as group tours by prearrangement.</p><br>
<p>The Aeolian-Skinner organ was installed in 1955-1957. Since the Aeolian-Skinner Company was shut down in the 1970s, the organ is regarded as an irreplaceable historic instrument of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Most of the main floor is wheelchair accessible. The fully accessible Arlington station on the MBTA Green Line is immediately adjacent to the church., at the corner of Boylston Street and Arlington Street.</p><br>
<h2>Governance and association</h2><br>
<p>Arlington Street Church is a member congregation of the Unitarian Universalist Association, a denomination created in 1961 by the consolidation of the American Unitarian Association and the Universalist Church of America. The denomination is organized on the basis of congregational church government. Each congregation is self-governing, deciding on its form of worship, professional and lay leadership, programs, and business. Congregations are members of the Unitarian Universalist Association and are united by a statement of Purposes and Principles. Each congregation elects delegates to a yearly General Assembly where the congregational delegates vote on matters of denominational importance and on resolutions of social witness. Congregations are served by programs provided by the Association at the continental and regional levels.</p><br>
<p>Preservation and restoration of the church building and its Tiffany windows are supported by The Foundation for the Preservation of 20 Arlington Street Inc, a separate, non-sectarian 501(c)(3) charity. In 2017, the Arlington Street Tiffany Education Center opened its doors to the public, offering guided tours of the church and the Tiffany windows.</p><br>
<p>Mount Danxia is a noted scenic mountainous area near Shaoguan city in the northern part of Guangdong, People&#39;s Republic of China.</p><br>
<p>It is described on the local signage as a "world famous UNESCO geopark of China".</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Danxia area is formed from a reddish sandstone which has been eroded over time into a series of outcrops surrounded by spectacular cliffs and many unusual rock formations known as Danxia landform. There are a number of temples located on the mountains and many scenic walks can be undertaken. There is also a river winding through the mountains on which boat trips can be taken.</p><br>
<h3>Rock formations</h3><br>
<p>Among other attractions that make the Danxia range interesting, the area has the following characteristic stone formations:</p><br>
<p>Yang Yuan Stone, (Yangyuan "male/father stone") bearing a remarkable resemblance to a phallus</p><br>
<p>Yin Yuan Stone or Yinyuan hole, which somewhat resembles the female vulva.</p><br>
<p>Breasts Stone, human breast-shaped rocky outcrops on a cliff hanging 30 m above the ground.</p><br>
<p>Sleeping Beauty, a rocky range resembling a sleeping maiden.</p><br>
<h2>World Heritage Site</h2><br>
<p>In the 2010 UNESCO list of world heritage sites, Mount Danxia was recorded as a natural World Heritage Site as part of China&#39;s Danxia landform.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Botryoidal Spring is a geyser in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Botryoidal Spring is part of the White Creek Group which includes A-0 Geyser and Spindle Geyser. As its name indicates, Botryoidal Spring was originally a hot spring (and botryoidal means bubbly). In 1996, seismic activity caused to change from a sparkling spring into an explosive geyser.</p><br>
<p>It erupts for a duration of about one minute with an interval of around 3&ndash;5 minutes between eruptions. The fountain reaches a height of 10 feet (3 m).</p><br>
<p>Immediately after an eruption the pool is totally quiet. An eruption starts with no warning, most beginning with a blue bubble caused by immense steam bubbles forming below.</p><br>
<p>Artemisia Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Artemisia Geyser is part of the Cascade Group which includes the Atomizer Geyser. It erupts for a duration of 15 to 25 minutes once or twice per day. The fountain reaches a height of 30 ft. Artemisias pool overflows quietly for many hours before an eruption, but gives no visible warning of an impending eruption until the sudden increase in overflow that marks the eruptions onset. Eruptions are accompanied by a strong underground thumping caused by steam bubbles collapsing in the geyser&#39;s channels.</p><br>
<p>Artemisia also experiences minor eruptions lasting about 5 minutes. These minor eruptions are followed by major eruptions within six hours. Minor eruptions are rare. Years may pass between episodes of minor eruptions.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, intervals between eruptions ranged from 9 to 36 hours, averaging 18 hours, 43 minutes.</p><br>
